US History UNIT 4: Civil War & Reformation

Abraham Lincoln

• first Republican President

• anti-slavery

• lost senator position to Stephen Douglas

Stephen Douglas

• Democratic senator

• pro-slavery

• debate with Abraham Lincoln

How did the leadership of the North lead to 4 years of war instead of 3 months?

The Union General sucked, while the Confederacy had strong generals

Union’s strategy

Block the Confederacy in

Confederacy’s strategy

Use both offense and defense to stop the Union’s blockade (aggressive defense)

North Advantages

• larger population

• greater industry

North Disadvantages

Had to destroy South’s capacity and will to resist

South Advantages

• larger army

• trained officers

• resourceful

South Disadvantages

• small industry

• cannot transport food to soldiers

General Lee, Stonewall Jackson

Confederacy generals during the Civil War

Battle of Fort Sumter

• South won!

• Confederates attack Union fort

• Start of Civil War

Battle of Bull Run

• South won!

• Proved war was going to be long/costly

Battle of Antietam

• North won!

• South wanted support from Europe, however they lost

• Emancipation Proclamation passed

Emancipation Proclamation

• abolished slavery

• gived North a morale boost

Battle of Gettysburg

• North won!

• bloody battle (turning point of war)

• Lincoln delivers Gettysburg Address

Gettysburg Address

• short speech by Lincoln to urge Union to continue fighting

• South lost offensive push by North

Battle of Vicksburg

• North won!

• General Grant (North) used siege war tactic for rebels to surrender

• North controls Mississippi River

Sherman’s March to sea

• North won!

• Completely destroyed morale of South

Appomattox Court House

• North won!

• General Grant allowed Confederates to return home with horses and guns

• General Lee (South) surrenders

• Last battle of Civil War

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Speech

• Lincoln wrote this speech himself

• Lincoln decides not to blame the South

• Addresses future of the nation

• War was all about slavery

Election of 1860

• Lincoln represented the Republican Party

• Lincoln won because there were 4 Democratic representatives so the votes were divided

• He won with NO southern states’ support

• Victory caused southern states to secede the Union

Death of Lincoln

• killed 6 days after end of Civil aware

• killed by John Wilkes Booth

• killed at Fords Theater

John Wilkes Booth

• killed Abraham Lincoln

• popular actor

• believed Lincoln was a tyrant who wanted to fully abolish slavery

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery, except as punishment for crime

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship to all people born in the US —> equal protection under law for slaves

15th Amendment

Prohibits federal and state government from denying citizens the right to vote

Plessy vs Ferguson

Segregation was constitutional as long as Black and White facilities were “equal” (legalized racial segregation)

Reconstruction

Period of rebuilding the South post Civil War to address the social, political, and economic changes brought by the Emancipation Proclamation

Carpetbagger

Used to describe Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, seeking profit/power by influencing the rebuilding of the region (viewed negatively by Southerners)

Scalawag

Derogatory term for Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and Northerners to rebuild the South and free slaves

(viewed as traitors by some Southerners)

Freedmen’s Bureau

Federal agency established in 1865 to assist freed slaves and poor whites in the South after the Civil War - provided food, education, legal aid, and helped negotiate labor contracts

Sharecropping

System where farmers (freed slaves) worked on land owned by someone else in exchange for share of crops produced

Tenant Farmers

Farmers rented land and paid rent in cash or crops to landowners (had more control over their work, but struggled financially)

President Andrew Johnson

• Vice President during President Lincoln

• Became President after Lincoln’s death

• Favored leniency toward South and opposed granting rights to free slaves

• Was impeached (challenged for his seat) by House of Reps - Congress overrode his vetoes 15 times

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern states (post-Civil War) made to restrict rights and freedoms of African Americans

• maintained white supremacy

• limiting economic/social opportunities

Grandfather Clause

If your grandpa could vote —> you can vote (vice-versa)

Poll Tax

Tax paid to vote (many whites and blacks were poor —> made it hard to pay tax)

Literacy Tests

Used to keep people of color from voting (difficult since many people didn’t know how to read/write)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Described cruel realities of slavery

• Caused many people to become anti-slavery (angered South)

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

• white supremacist group in South (post-Civil War)

• stopped Black Americans from gaining rights using violence

• targeted freedmen, white Republicans, and Reconstruction supporters