Anatomy and Physiology 1 Midterm Exam McGraw Hill Part 1

Anatomy

study of structure

greek word meaning "cutting up'

Physiology

Study of function

the levels of origination smallest to biggest

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ system.

negative feedback

A mechanism that restores the level of a biochemical or other condition in the internal environment.

ex) regulation of body temp

postive feedback

Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions.

ex) contractions during child birth.

Requirements of Organisms

water, heat, pressure

water

most abundant chemical in the body

atomospheric pressure

the force on the outside of the body due to the weight of air above it.

receptors

provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment

control center

processes the signal and sends instructions

effectors

cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

Medial

toward the midline

axial

head, neck, trunk

appendicular

upper and lower limbs

Anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of body

lateral

towards the side

bilateral

both sides

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body

distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

superficial

near the surface

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

sagital

divides body into left and right

transverse

cuts body into top and bottom

frontal

divides body into front and back

pedal

foot

patellar

kneecap

sacral

between hips

sural

calf

acrominal

point of shoulder

buccal

cheek

costal

ribs

crural

leg (shin)

cubital

elbow

inguinal

groin

matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

atom

smallest basic unit of matter

proton

Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

a neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom

electron

negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus

nucleus of atom

the core of an atom where most of the mass of an atom exists; contains protons and neutrons

ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

solute

the substance that is dissolved

chemical bond

between electrons of atoms; electrons in valence shells

has potential energy

chemically reactive electrons

octet rule

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

non polar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

atomic weight

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom of an element

mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

Electrolyte

ionized water

acid

substance that releases hydrogen ions in water

base

substance release ions that combine with hydrogen ions.

salt

substance formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

ph scale

Shorthand notation for the hydrogen ion concentration used to indicate the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution; values range from 0 to 14.

pH level less than 7

acidic

pH level above 7

base

ph level that is 7

neutral

Functions of DNA

stores, copies, and transmits genetic information in a cell

Functions of RNA

protein synthesis

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

Macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

lipids

fats and oils

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

nucleic acid

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Three major parts of a cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

particles composed of protein and rna molecules

they synthesize protein.

smooth er

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

rough er

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

er

transports materials throughout the cell

vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

cilia

propel fluids over cell surface

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell that controls passage of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

chromatin

carries information for synthesizing proteins

mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

interphase

s phase, g1 phase, g2 phase

prophase

chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

Telophase

phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Apoptosis

programmed cell death