Midterm 2 PreHistory-1500

The Mongols

1: Originated in East Asia/ North of China

2: Began as nomadic Pastorilists

3: Temujin (Genghis Khan) united the mongol people (1st time under one ruler)

4: Pax Mongolia

5: Had huge influence on those conquered

pastoralists/oboq/khan/quiriltai

1) pastoralists - took care of animals, relied on them for everything

2) Oboq: Clans of Mongols, often related by blood or marriage

3) Khan: Leaders chosen based on their military and political abilities; could be voted out

4) Quriltai: Council where decisions were made (women could be in council) Also elected the leader

Temujin/Genghis Khan (1206-1227)

1) United the mongol people (1st time under one leader)

2) Great quriltai - Temujin proclaimed Genghis khan ( ruler of everything, from ocean to ocean)

3) Expanded Mongol Empire (Korea to Central Asia)

4) Established effective calvary

5) Set precedent for mongol empire’s future expansions

Battle of Kalka River (1223)

1) Mongol sent out spies (Mstislav the Daring)

2) Mongols pretend to flee, the enemy gets tired of chasing them, then they attack

3) Mongols defeats Mstislav’s army

Khanates

1) 4 Khanates: Different regions ruled by Genghis Khan descendants

2) Chaghadai (Central Asia, Samarkand Capital)

2) IIkhanate ( Persia, Baghdad capital)

4) Kipchak (Russia, founded by Batu)

Yuan dynasty (China, Bejing Capital, founded by Kublai Khan)

Ogedei (1229-1241)

1) 2nd Khagan from quriltai ( Genghis Khan’s 3rd son)

2) Imperial Administration created

3) Established Karakorum as Capital

4) expanded yam system to effectively delivered information around Mongol Empire.

5) Death of Ogedei stops European Expansion

Karakorum

1) New Capital of the Mongol Empire

2) Established and grew under Ogedei

3) Start of Mongol Empire’s transition from Nomadic to civilized

4) Yam system connects rest of empire to capital

5) Destination for Steppe Road trade route

Yam

1) Messenger System connecting empire to Karakorum

2) Ensured quick communication - better maintainment of imperial administration

3) Enhanced military effectiveness + trade & cultural exchange between regions of the empire

4) flourished under ogedei’s reign

5) Network of relay systems

Batu

1) Ghengis Khan’s grandson/ Ogedei’s nephew

2) Conquers Russia during winter campaigns

3) Established Golden Horde Khanate

4) Established Mongol Yoke (Mongol rule over Europe)

5) Began conquering EUrope, but withdrew after Ogedei’s death

Pax Monoglica

1) “Proto- Globalization”: Mongols imposed peace/order; focused of easier/safer travel

2) Reopened Silk Road + opened new Steppe Road (connected ASia Africa/Europe

3) Greatest commercial network facilitates trade + exchange of travelers/ideas/goods

4) Created standard measurement of weight and money

5) Was ended abruptly due to black plague

Toregene

1) Ogedei’s widow, ruled as khatun (queen)

2) Ruled for 5 years

3) All of Genghis khans son die, so she tries to make her son khagan

4) Succedes in suport for Guyuk

Guyuk

1) Son of ogedei

2) Elected as 3rd Khagan

3) Rule lasted for 2 years

Ogulgamish

● Guyuk’s widow → becomes khatun ○ Ruled for 3 years

● Fought for one of sons to be next khagan ○ 2 branches fought for 3 years

● Rival to Sorghaghtani

● Sorghaghtani victorious → Ogulgaimish & family wiped out

● Example of infighting between family for power

Sorghagtani

1) Wanted Mongke to be khagna

2) Defeated Ogulgamish Faction

3) Elected Mongke as 4th Khagan

4) Master at politics

Mongke (1251)

1) Mongke and younger brother Kubilai lead 4 armies aganst song dynasty in souther china

2) Conquered it ( yuan dynasty)

3) Brother Hulegu destroys abbasid dynasty, captures baghdad

4) Zenith of mongol empire (Pacific - Easter Europe and Africa)

5 ) Mongke dies, begin decline of Mongol empire

Frair John of Piano Carpini

● Sent as envoy to the Mongol khagan by Pope Innocent IV ○ Pope wants info on Mongol Empire (intentions, why did they leave, spy on them)

● Letter for khagan: introduced Christinaity, hopefully convert to Christianity (ally against Muslims)

● Took new Steppe Road: eastern Europe → Russia → Mongol ordos → Sarai, met Batu → Mongolia

● Arrives in time to see the coronation of Guyuk ○ Guyuk (3rd khagan): Mongols won’t convert, 2 choices: ■ Europeans surrender to Mongols or die

● Wrote about travels (The History)

William of Rubrick

Same thing as Friar John of Piano Carpini, instead with guyuk

Marco Polo of Venice

1) Traveled on Silk Road back to Kubilai Khan in China

2) Worked for Kubliai Khan’s government ( when return, captured by Venetian enemeis)

3) Money from trade led to renaissance, europeans voyages of exploration

Ibn Battuta of Tangier

1) Began as pilgrimage to Mecca from Moroco

2) Travels Facilitated by Is;am

3) First trip : Visted almost every important state and met almost every important ruler

4) 2nd trip: Shorter trip to sudan

Ghana

1) Ghana was a powerful West Africian empire from the 6th to 113th century

2) Between the Shara and the tropical forsest

3) Ghana’s wealth came from controlling the trans- saharan gold trade routes

4) The empire fell due to internal conflicts and outside attacks

Mali

1) one of the richest and most powerful west african empires

2) mansa Musa is the most famous ruler, known for his immense wealth and pilgrimage to mecca

3) Mali became wealthy trhough control of gold and salt

4) Lack of primogentiure

5) Ethnic groups used civil war to subjugate Mali

Timbuktu

1) Strategic Location made it a crucial crossroads for trans-saharan trade routes