HHD U4 SAC1

Gross National Income Per Capita

The average amount of income earned per person in a country in a year. It is calculated by adding up all the income earned by a country’s residents and businesses, then dividing it by the total population.

• Country’s average income

Poverty

The lack of access to resources such as food and safe water, often as the result of a lack of access to money.

Extreme Poverty

The proportion of those with incomes of less than PPP$3.00 per day.

Relative Poverty

When a person is living on less than 50% of the country’s average income (GNI).

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity

• A way to compare countries that have different currencies and cost of living

Economic Characteristics

• Poverty

• Range of Industries

• Global Trade

• Average Incomes

Gender Equality

When males and females have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities with regards to things such as education, employment, community participation and recreation.

Human Development

Creating an environment in which people can…

• Develop to their full potential

• And lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests.

• It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing their capabilities (the range of things people can be and do).

• Having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living.

• Participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

Can also link to ‘live a long and healthy life”.

Humen Development Index

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ level of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic from 0-1 based on three dimensions — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living — and four indicators — life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.

Life expectancy at birth

An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change (AIHW, 2008)

Mean years of schooling

The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

Expected years of schooling

The number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age

Safe / Clean water

Refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury

Sanitation

Refers to the safe disposal of human waste from the environment to prevent illness. Also refers to maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal

Undernutrition

A condition that happens when a person does not get enough nutrients from their diet to grow, stay healthy, and function properly

Communicable diseases

Infectious diseases that are transmitted through the environment including air, water, food, and humans. Such as malaria, cholera, tuberculosis

Non-communicable diseases

Conditions that are usually long lasting and progress slowly. They are not spread through the environment and include cancer. CVD, and diabetes

Discrimination

When a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often as a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity

Sex

Refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth

Obstructed labour

When a baby gets stuck during labour. The baby’s head may be too large or the mother’s pelvis is too small for a vaginal delivery

Obstetric Fistula

Caused by prolonged obstructed labour. Can cause internal holes in the bladder, rectum and vaginal walls. May cause bowel and urinary leakage. Can lead to feelings of shame and embarrassment. May be abandoned by their husbands as a result and pushed into poverty.

Female Genital Mutilation

Procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Often undertaken with unsanitary instruments like knives and blades that can lead to excessive bleeding or infection. Also lead to trauma and stress

Sexual orientation

Describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to

E.g. heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual

Gender Identity

Describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Environmental Sustainability

Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future

Social Sustainability

Creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources, both now and in the future

Economic Sustainability

Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future

Renewable resources

Resources that are replenished naturally and over a short time (water, plants, animals, forests, fish).

Non-renewable resources

Resources that are once used will be no longer available and will eventually run out in the future such as fossil fuels like coal and gas

Biodiversity

Relates to the variety of all forms of life: the different plants and animal life that make up the ecosystem

Mass migration

Refers to movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another

Refugees

People who have fled their country and crossed an international border to find safety in another country, often with little more than the clothes on their back

Asylum seekers

People who have fled their country but for whom their request for protection in another country has yet to be processed

Internally displaced people

People who have been forced to leave their home but have not crossed a border to find safety

Stateless person

People who do not have the nationality of any country and are therefore not protected by the laws of any country

Climate Change

It is a pattern of long term shifts in temperature and weather patterns that affects all countries

Rising sea levels

Due to the expansion of water as it warms and melting icebergs

Changing Weather Patterns

Refer to changes in weather that are typical of each of the four seasons (ex. winter and summer) based on a country’s geographical position

Extreme weather events

Refer to the increasing intensity and effect of weather events such as flooding, cyclones (wind storms), droughts and extreme heat

Global trade

The exchange of goods and services between countries

Global distribution

Making products more available in places around the world

Global marketing

Multinational companies using strategies such as advertising to aggressively sell their products

Globalisation

The proccess in which boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale; a reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society

Processed food

Relate to any food items that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat

Tourism

Refers to the acitivites that people get involved in when they travel to and stay in places where they do not normally live