File 3: 9/19–9/29 – Epidemiology, Life Expectancy & Disease

Epidemiology is the study of the ___ of disease in populations

distribution

Epidemiologists look for disease ___ and trends

patterns

Epidemiologists focus on disease agents

environment

Social epidemiology studies the causes and ___ of diseases and impairments within populations

distribution

Epidemiologists explain disease using a web of ___

causation

The web of causation approach connects disease agents

hosts

Examples of diseases studied by epidemiologists include swine flu

Zika virus

The CDC is the primary U.S. agency for nationwide disease ___

surveillance

The CDC publishes the Morbidity and Mortality ___ Report

Weekly

The World Health Organization is the leading global ___ organization

health surveillance

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funds and conducts medical ___

research

An incidence rate measures the number of ___ cases in a given period

new

A prevalence rate measures the ___ number of cases of a disease

total

Both incidence and prevalence rates are typically expressed per ___ people

100000

Age-adjusted rates control for differences in ___ among populations

age

The epidemiologic transition describes a shift from infectious diseases to ___ diseases

degenerative

During early societal development

the main killers were ___ diseases

Advanced societies experience more ___ diseases

chronic

The epidemiologic transition increases overall life ___

expectancy

The first stage of the epidemiologic transition is the Age of ___ and Famine

Pestilence

During the Age of Pestilence and Famine

life expectancy ranged between ___ and 40

The second stage of the transition is the Age of Receding ___

Pandemics

The Age of Receding Pandemics began in the late ___s

1800

Improvements in sanitation and public health led to longer life ___

expectancy

The third stage of the transition is the Age of Degenerative and ___ Diseases

Human-made

The Age of Degenerative Diseases began in the mid-___s

1900

The fourth stage is the Age of Delayed ___ Diseases

Degenerative

In the Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases

medical advances push death to ___ ages

The fifth stage is the Age of ___ and Inactivity

Obesity

Obesity threatens progress made in reducing disease and mortality in ___ life

later

The sixth stage involves the re-emergence of ___ diseases

infectious

Examples of re-emerging diseases include measles and drug-___ diseases

resistant

Globalization

trade

Life expectancy is the average number of years a person born in a given year can expect to ___

live

The average global life expectancy is about ___ years

73.49

In low-income nations

life expectancy averages ___ years

In high-income nations

life expectancy averages ___ years

The U.S. life expectancy in 1900 was ___ years

47

In 2024

U.S. life expectancy reached ___ years

The highest life expectancy in 2024 was in ___

Monaco

Life expectancy varies by social class

race

Mortality refers to the number of ___ in a population

deaths

The crude death rate (CDR) measures total deaths per ___ people

1000

In 2023

the U.S. crude death rate was ___ per 1000 people

Infant mortality rate measures the number of infant deaths per ___ live births

1000

The infant mortality rate in the U.S. has ___ since 1900

decreased

The U.S. ranks lower in infant mortality compared to other ___ nations

developed

Neonatal mortality measures deaths within the first ___ days of life

28

Postneonatal mortality measures deaths between 29 days and ___ year of life

one

The leading cause of infant mortality is low ___ weight

birth

Infant mortality is significantly higher among ___ babies

Black

Maternal mortality measures women who die during ___

childbirth

The maternal mortality rate is highest in ___ nations

developing

Major causes of maternal mortality include bleeding

infection

Lack of ___ care is the major risk factor for maternal mortality

prenatal

Maternal mortality has been ___ in the U.S.

increasing

Morbidity refers to the amount of disease

impairment

Incidence measures new cases

while ___ measures total cases

Restricted activity days measure how many days a person is unable to perform normal ___

activities

Disability is defined as a reduced ability to perform ___ tasks

normal

Disabilities can be physical or ___

mental

Disability is strongly related to ___

age

The Hispanic health paradox refers to Latinos living ___ than whites

longer

Despite lower income and education

Hispanics have ___ life expectancy

In 2023

the uninsured rate for non-elderly Hispanic people was ___%

The uninsured rate for non-elderly white people was ___%

6.5