Urinary Clinicals

Renal calculi

kidney stones in renal pelvis
– Formed by crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts

• Risk factors: obesity and elevated blood calcium levels
• Prevention: adequate hydration
• Many kidney calculi can be treated with lithotripsy
– Ultrasound shockwaves break stones so they pass

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Symptoms: dysuria (painful urination), urinary urgency and frequency, fever, and
sometimes cloudy or blood-tinged urine
– Back pain when kidneys are involved
• Treatment: antibiotics can cure most urinary tract infections

Urethritis

inflammation of urethra

Cystitis

inflammation of bladder

Pyelitis or pyelonephritis

inflammation of kidneys

dysuria

painful urination

Urinary incontinence

in adults, usually caused by weakened pelvic muscles

– Stress incontinence: increased intra-abdominal pressure forces urine out
Laughing, coughing, or sneezing can cause incontinence
– Overflow incontinence: urine dribbles when bladder overfills

Urinary retention

bladder is unable to expel urine
– Common after general anesthesia, but can occur due to hypertrophy of prostate