APUSH- Unit 3 Vocab

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Postdam Conference

Meeting between Truman and Stalin to work out what to do with Germany after WWII

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

National Defense Education Act

Provided funds for education and training in science, math, and foreign languages.

Shelly v. Kraemer

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that courts could not enforce private "covenants" meant to exclude blacks from residential neighborhoods.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities

Jim Crow

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

United Farm Workers

organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

Great Society

a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

The Feminine Mystique

A publication by Betty Friedan that focused attention on the reality facing suburban women.

Operation Rolling Thunder

A bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Viet Cong-occupied land but failed to stop them

Counter Culture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

1968 Democratic National Convention

A 1968 convention held in Chicago during which numerous antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall were tear-gassed and clubbed by police. Inside the convention hall, the delegates were bitterly divided over Vietnam.

Silent Majority

Term used by President Nixon to describe Americans who opposed the counterculture

My Lai

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Warren Court

the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech

Hostage Crisis

diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 U.S. diplomats were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981, after a group of Islamist students took over the American embassy in support of the Iranian revolution

Moral Majority

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

supply-side economics

An economic theory, first applied during the Reagan administration, holding that the key task for fiscal policy is to stimulate the supply of goods, as by cutting tax rates.

National Debt

the total amount of money that a country's government has borrowed, by various means.

HIV/AIDS

Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.

Glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

collective bargaining

negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

Baby Boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II

Kerner Commission

group set up to investigate the causes of race riots in American cities in the 1960s

American GI Forum

A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi

Black Nationalism

Spurred by Malcolm X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites; this appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by MLK.

Black Panther Party

Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965.

American Indian Movement

led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Economic Opportunity Act

a law, enacted in 1964, that provided funds for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

New Left

new political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

the conscience of a Conservative

A 1960 book that set forth an uncompromising conservatism and inspired a Republican grassroots movement in support of its author, Barry Goldwater.

Reagan Coalition

Combination of economic and social conservatives, religious fundamentalists, and defense-minded anti-communists who rallied behind Republican President Ronald Reagan.

Reagan Democrats

traditional Democratic middle-class voters turning to Ronald Reagan during the 1980s

Economic Recovery Tax Act

A federal law passed to boost the economy, reduce inflation and increase employment.

Deregulation

The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities.

Iran-Contra Affair

scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected

Persian Gulf War

War in 1991 when the US came to Kuwait's rescue after Iraq invaded in 1990