BY 124L - Lab 9: Reproduction, Excretion, and Endocrine System

female reproductive organs

• ovary

• oviduct/fallopian tube

• uterus

• vagina

• Urogenital Sinus

• genital papillae

ovary

organ that produces the eggs (finite)

oviduct/fallopian tube

• collecting tube for eggs

• not directly connected to the ovaries

• have fimbriae that draw eggs into the oviduct

• SITE OF FERTILIZATION

uterus

implantation occurs here

• horns

• body

• cervix

parts of the uterus

horns

one from each ovary to increase surface area for embryo attachment

body

the junction of the two horns

cervix

semi-cartilaginous ring of tissue

vagina

• tube that provides frictional surface to stimulate male ejaculation

• passage for birth

urogenital sinus

• shared tube between vagina and urethra

genital papillae

• projection that lies ventral to the urogenital opening in female pig

• homologous to clitoris in humans

male reproductive organs

• testes

• epididymis

• vas deferens

• urethra

• penis

• seminal vesicles

• prostate

• bulbourethral/cowper's gland

• scrotum

• inguinal canal

testes

• sperm produced here via meiosis

• contain seminiferous tubules and leydig/interstitial cells

seminiferous tubules

microscopic ducts for sperm cells

leydig/interstitial cells

outside tubules; produce testosterone

epididymis

• sperm mature here

• younger sperm are at head, older sperm towards tail

vas deferens

• tube brings sperm to the urethra

urethra

• tube that carries urine and sperm out of the body

penis

• organ for copulation

• contains urethra

seminal vesicles

• produces about 60% of total contribution to the semen

• secretes: fructose, prostaglandins, mucus

fructose (from seminal vesicle secretion)

powers sperm

prostaglandins (from seminal vesicle secretion)

trigger urterine contractions

mucus (from seminal vesicle secretion)

lubricates

prostate

secretes enzymes to buffer the acidity of the vagina

bulbourethral/cowper's gland

Provides a little lubrication during intercourse as pre-ejaculate, which may contain some sperm

scrotum

thin skin that contains testes

inguinal canal

passage in the abdominal muscle for the vas deferens

urinary system

• Kidney

• ureter

• urinary bladder

kidney

• structure that filters ammonia waste from the body

3 regions of the kidney

cortex, medulla, pelvis

cortex

outer layer of kidney, primarily responsible for urine formation

medulla

middle layer containing renal pyramids, responsible for moving urine to the renal pelvis

pelvis

innermost layer, responsible for moving urine to the ureter

ureter

• tube that connects kidneys to the bladder

• moves urine to the bladder

urinary bladder

• reservoir for urine to be expelled from the body

• surrounded by elastic interstitial tissue

endocrine system organs

• Testis

• Ovary

• Pineal

• Thymus

• Adrenal Gland

• Kidney

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary Gland

• Thyroid

• Parathyroid

• Pancreas

adrenal gland

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones

adrenal cortices

• zona glomerulosa

• zona fasciculata

• zona reticularis

oxytocin

• smooth muscle contraction; constructs ducts in breasts to allow milk to flow

• promotes SOCIAL BONDING AND TRUST

Antidiuretic hormone

• acts to force the kidneys to conserve water

• alcohol inhibits the production of this

testosterone

• androgen

• produced by leydig cells

• sperm production

• responsible for seconday sex characteristics

progesterone

• pregnancy hormone

• uterine lining thickins in presence of this

• levels must remain high during pregnancy or baby is lost

estrogen

• maintain seconday sex characteristics

• fat deposition in mammary glands and hips, pelvic girdle bones shallow and widen for childbirth, hair patterns

melatonin

• circadian rhythm

• high levels cause sleepiness

thymosin

• stimulates T- cell development for immune system

T3 and T4

• regulate metabolism

• high levels increase activity

• low levels increase lethargy

calcitonin

• lowers calcium in the blood

• sends excess to be stored in bones

parathyroid hormone

• causes bone breakdown to raise calcium levels in blood

glucagon

• raises blood glucose by instructing the liver to breakdown glycogen and rlease glucose into blood

insulin

lowers blood glucose by having th eliver uptake excess glucose and store it as glycogen

somatostatin

• inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon

• active when blood-glucose is optimal

endorphin

• pain-killing hormone

• receptors can be bound by opioids; structurally similar

melanocyte stimulating hormone

• UV exposure stimulates the production and causes melanocytes of the skin to spread the melanin over broader areas of each cell

growth hormone

• causes long bones of the body to elongate

• pubescent "growth spurts"

prolactin

• causes milk production in females

• exacerbates testosterone effects in males

follicle stimulating hormone

• causes egg development in females

• causes sperm development in males

luteinizing hormone

• ovulation in day 14 of cycle

• stimulates leydig cells to make testosterone

thyroid stimulating hormone

causes thyroid to make and release T3 and T4

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

• goes to Zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex and causes it to make and release glucocorticoids

glucocorticoids

• anti-inflammatory hormone

• raises blood-glucose by breakdown of lipids and proteins

mineralocorticoids

causes an increase in sodium reabsorption and water retention

adrenalin and noradrenaline

• fight or flight response

• shunts blood away from digestive to give it to lungs, heart, skeletal muscle, and brain

hormones produced by adrenal gland

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Glucocorticoids (Cortisone)

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Androgens

hormones released by posterior pituitary

oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

melatonin

hormones released by pineal gland/body

thymosin

hormones released by thymus

hormones released by anterior pituitary

Growth hormone

Prolactin

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

endorphin

hormones released by thyroid

T3

T4

glucagon

insulin

somatostatin

hormones released by pancreas

hormones released by testis

androgen

progesterone

estrogen

hormones released by ovary

hormones released by parathyroid

parathyroid hormone