Chapter 5: Classification and Prokaryotes-Radiolarians and Chapter 6: Invertebrates (Porifera and Cnidaria)

Bacteria

Single celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; includes all organisms belonging to Kingdom Bacteria and Kingdom Archaea; the most numerous organisms on Earth

Kingdom Archaea

Extremophiles that live in the harshest environments; many are chemosynthetic

Kingdom Bacteria

Not as old as Archaea; ex: cyanobacteria

Dinoflagellates

Have flagella for swimming; most are autotrophs, but some are heterotrophs and mixotrophs; some can produce bioluminescence; examples include zooxanthellae; can produce HABs; classified as protists 

Coccolithophores

Autotrophic; surround themselves with at least 30 coccoliths that are made of calcium carbonate; Kingdom Chromista

Diatoms

Photosynthetic; produce two part silica shell called a frustule; can cause HABs; shells found in toothpaste; Kingdom Chromista

Brown Algae

Kingdom Chromista; multicellular; prefer cold, nutrient rich water; contains fucoxanthin (olive green/brown pigment); examples include giant kelp and sargassum

Red Algae

Kingdom Plantae; contains phycoerythrins

Green Algae

Kingdom Plantae; contains chlorophyll but do not have the system of roots, veins, and stems like land plants

Seagrass

Marine flowering plants belonging to Kingdom Plantae that live fully submerged in shallow coastal waters that have true roots, stems, and leaves, and reproduce using flowers and pollen and at times underwater pollinators

Mangrove Trees

Salt tolerant trees and shrubs with specialized roots that live in oxygen poor, swampy, coastal marine environments

Foraminiferans

Single celled, microscopic protists found in all marine environments that secrete a calcium carbonate shell called a “test” with one or multiple chambers; pseudopodia extend to catch other plankton out of test

Radiolarians

Single celled, microscopic protists that secrete a silica shell called a “test”; pseudopodia extend to catch other plankton out of test

Kingdom

A group of similar phyla

Phylum

A group of similar classes

Class

A group of similar orders

Order

A group of similar families

Family

A group of similar genus’

Genus

A group of similar species

Species

A group of organisms that can reproduce together and produce fertile offspring

Sponge

Most simple of all animals; multicellular, lack tissues and organs;  have porous bodies with many openings (pores) through which water flows that allows them to filter feed by trapping tiny food particles from the water; sessile; bodies are supported by a skeleton made of spongin fibers, spicules (made of silica or calcium carbonate), or both.

Collar cells (Choanocytes)

Cells with flagella that help circulate water through sponge tissue; they trap, absorb and transport food particles to amoebocytes, and help in reproduction by transforming into sperm

Amoebocytes

Pick up food from choanocytes and digest nutrient particles to distribute, help in reproduction by becoming egg cells, help to form the cells that create spongin and spicules, replace damaged cells and regenerate lost parts

Spicules

Either glass like (silicon) or made of a calcium material that gives a sponge structure and makes it difficult for other organisms to feed on

Spongin

Made of protein and provides elasticity and structure to a sponge

Osculum

Opening where water exits sponge