majority of the unit 1 anatomy and physiology in mr joes class

its just missing the drawing questions and the comparison characteristics of electrons, neutrons and protons

If this was a medical school class, what kind of anatomy would we learn in that class?

regional - all parts of a limb

what is the difference between cytology and histology? what kind of anatomy is it

they’re both microscopic and cytology focuses on individual cells while histology is microscopic structure of tissues

how would you present the class with a lecture on surface anatomy

superficial/gross surface anatomy

cyanosis is a medical condition in which lips and fingertips of an individual turn blue due to lack of adequate delivery of oxygen to tissues. if a patient is exhibiting cyanosis, why might the physician examine the patient’s heart in addition to the patient’s lungs?

heart pumps blood to the lungs to get oxygen and get rid of CO2

what are hormones

chemicals in blood causing cell communication

how are the skeletal system and cardiovascular system related

skeletal system creates blood cells and the cardiovascular system pumps it through the body to oxygenate cells

write out the layers of organization that make up the human body from largest to smallest level

organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, cellular, molecular, chemical

using your answer for the levels of organization, how could cancer potentially cause a serious medical problem/death to a patient

cancer duplicates cells (cellular or molecular) and affects everything after it

the axillary region is ___ and ____ to the nasal region?
A) superior; lateral
B) inferior; lateral
C) anterior; lateral
D) ventral; medial
E) posterior; medial

B) inferior; lateral

A transverse section at the level immediately below the nipple would pass through which body cavity (ies)?

A) pleural cavities
B) pericardial cavity
C) abdominal cavity
D) pelvic cavity
E) both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity

E) both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity

Label serous membranes covering each body cavity

pericardial - heart, pleural - lungs. visceral is the inner layer and parietal is the outer that lines the cavity

A patient has been diagnosed with appendicitis (infection of the appendix). Please use anatomical terminology to describe the location of where this patient is feeling pain (think of abdominopelvic quadrant, directional terms, regional terms)

right lower quadrant

Why is physiology an integrative science

involves the function of everything working together

example of a negative feedback loop

initial to response to stimulus to stop the initial

the literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of

A) organs

B) nature

C) science

D) chemistry

E) math

B) nature

homeostasis is the ability of the body to

A) prevent the external environment from changing
B) prevent the internal environment from changing
C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal
D) ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest
E) prevent excessive blood loss

C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal

Individuals with Type I diabetes does not make enough insulin. Which would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body?

A) cells need insulin because glucose will not cross the cell membrane
B) insulin is a hormone involved in glucose transport
C) insulin binds to its receptor which stimulates the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane
D) since all cells need glucose, insulin is required
E) without insulin most cells in the body would be unable to produce enough atp

C) insulin binds to its receptors which stimulates the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane

name the four biomolecules

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

what biomolecule is this?

33% C, 40% O, 4% H, 14% N, 9% P

nucleic acid

what biomolecule is this?

25 C, 25 O, 50 H, 0 N, 0 P

Carbohydrate, its bc the C, and O are the same and H equals it

Which molecule (KMnO4 and CH4) diffuses faster and why

CH4 diffuses faster because the weight of the chemical is lighter than KMnO4

will molecules diffuse faster in colder or warmer temperatures

molecules diffuse faster in warmer temperatures

what channels does water go through in the plasma membrane

aquaporin channels

what is the difference between active and passive transport

utilizes atp, and passive is just on kinetic energy

write out the central dogma of molecular biology

dna - rna - protein

draw reticular connective tissue and label the nonliving and living material components you would find in this tissue

nonliving material - ground substance, cell adhesion. living - protein, fibroblasts and macrophages

where would you typically find this reticular connective tissue

lymph nondes, spleen and bone marrow

name a connective tissue related to reticular connective tissue

areolar tissue, adipose, loose

based on what prof joe said, what kind of cells make up mesenchymal tissue

stem cells/mesenchyme

what are the four types of tissues that make up the human body

epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

four types of connective tissues

bones, cartilage, blood, proper

what is the function and location of elastic connective tissue

large arteries like the aorta, and brachial tubes, it stretches

smoking damages cilia because toxins in smoking can paralyze and destroy the cilia

A) what kind of tissue discussed in class would be affected by this and draw it

PSCC - pseudostratified ciliated columnar

smoking damages cilia because toxins in smoking can paralyze and destroy the cilia

C) what kind of cell is found within the tissue that is responsible for dealing with pathogens in our airways and is involved with cilia’s function

goblet cells

Why are epithelial tissues more susceptible to caner than connective tissues?

exposed to the environment and has regeneration abilities

how do epithelial cells receive nutrients despite being avascular

nerve fibers through the connective tissue

what kind of epithelial cells lines the vagina, mouth and esophagus. and draw it

non keratinized stratified squamous wet

name two locations for simple squamous

blood vessels, air sacs in lungs

name two locations for transitional

ureters and bladder

function of desmosomes and what their structure is

keep cells from breaking apart, at the middle and is velcro like

function of tight junction proteins and what their structure is

prevent leakage in between cells, at the superior top near the cilia and consists of proteins

what does striation mean

alternating light and dark bands

how does surgeons avoid too much scarring on their patients? which layer plays a role in this question

surgeons cut along tension lines, it’s in the dermis layer

how does white hair production occur

air bubbles in the hair shaft and lack of melanin production

what is the name of the pale crescent part of the nail

lunula

how are earwax and breastmilk production related

both are specialized/modified apocrine glands

what are the immune cells for the epidermis called

dendritic cells

how is oil secreted onto hair follicles

arrector pili squeezes the subaceous glands onto the hair

your friend asks you about goosebumps. explain to your friend about this relation to the integumentary system

arector pili controls hair movement

your friend also says the appearance of weight comes from your weight, how would you revise the statement

the appearance of weight comes from the thickness of the adipose tissue

what is the difference between the palm of your hands/sole of your foot and other skin

they have an additional layer called the stratum lucidum

which cell in the epidermis is part of our sensory system

tactile epithelial

how does the ink from the tattoo stick to our skin (think of the cells and what layer is involved)

dermal macrophages attempt to eat it up but it cant get rid of all the ink so it ends up staying there permanent in the skin

why are lighter skinned individuals more at risk of getting skin cancer? (think chemicals, cells, and layers of skin in your answer)

melanin is more located in the basal layer so its not enough to protect their skin

which molecule is the branch point of carbohydrate metabolism

pyruvate

which molecule does the branch point of carbohydrate metabolism come from

glucose

which process converts the branch point of carbohydrate metabolism to where it was derived from

glycolysis

if the branch point of carbohydrate metabolism was in low oxygen conditions, what metabolic process(es) occurs? what are the products

anaerobic - lactic acid fermentation… produces 2 lactic and 2 NAD+

To acount for all the carbon atoms taht enter aerobic respiration in a single molecule of glucose, how many of these carbon atoms “leave the body“ as CO2 in the citric acid cycle?

4 CO2

what is gluconeogenesis

making of glucose

which cells typically perform gluconeogensis

liver cells

why is long-term aerobic workout like hiking or swimming effective for losing weight (where does the appearance of weight come from?) then answer how to make our body lose that weight

force cells to use fats (long term energy) … thicken of fat cells decrease to equal loss of weight

what are the two way to convert fat into energy

beta oxidation and lipolysis

how do you convert proteins into energy

deamination

what are the four layers of a cross-section from the GI histology slides

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

which lumen layer is involved in immune function and why

submucosa, lymphatic vessels

how does layer one of lumen tissues look in the beginning of the GI tract

stratified squamous

Describe the muscular layering of the esophagus

upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle… middle 2/3 is mixed muscle … lower 3/3 smooth muscle

which organ (and cells) are involved in type 1 diabetes

pancreas, B cells

which part of the small intestine does food from the stomach enter

duodenum

which part of the small intestine is mostly responsible for absorption

jejunum

which part of the colon would food go to directly before entering the rectum

sigmoid colon

what causes wrinkles in the scrotum

dartos muscle

how does the scrotum respond to cool temperatures (explain muscles involved in this)

cremaster muscle

what is the name of the serous membrane covering the testes

tunica vaginalis

are all cells in the seminiferous tubules going to mature into sperm

not all, nurse cells dont become sperm, they aid sperm

name the nerves of the spermatic cord

ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves

where did testes originally develop from

abdominal region

what is the name of the tip of the head on the sperm

acrosome

what does capacitation mean, and where in the male reproductive system is this found

maturation of sperm - epididymis

why are men less likely to get utis than women

seminal plasmin (antibiotic) from prostate gland

how does sperm get their food source

fructose from seminal gland

what does the bulbo-urethral gland secrete as part of semen? what is the purpose of this

sticky alkaline to avoid mixture of urine and semen

why does genetic sex not fully guarantee male/female structure?

use gonadal development and reproductive tract development as part of your answer

gonad - mutation of SRY gene, reproductive tract - receptors for MIH and teste gene not working

which events of oogenesis occur before birth

mitosis of oogenium and DNA replication of meiosis I

what kind of egg does the tertiary follicle carry

secondary oocyte

what is a special characteristic of the tertiary follicle compared to other follicles

antrum filled with follicle fluid

what does the corpus luteum produce

progesterone

what happens to the corpus luteum if someone does not fertilize an egg

becomes corpus albicans

which other part of the female reproductive system does the corpus luteum affect

endometrium of uterus

what is the erectile tissue of the vagina called?

clitoris

how is milk released from the breasts

mammary gland to lactiferous duct to lactiferal sinus to nipple

name the three layers of the walls of the uterus and its functions

endometrium - glandular layer, myometrium - uterine contraction for labor, perimetrium - serousal layer

describe two key things that make up the blastocyst

trophoblast (surrounding cells) and inner cell mass (stem cells)

when the blastocyst implants itself to the embryo what will eventually become the villi of the placenta

synctiorophoblast

what is the mucus plug

at the cervix - prevents vaginal bacteria (flora) from getting into the uterus where the fetus is at

function of gap junction proteins and their structure

electrical communication and is located at the very bottom, looks like channels

what biomolecule is this ?

25 C, 25 O, 48 H, 2 N, and 0 P

proteins, central carbon