Cells Quiz 1 - The Endomembrane System -

What is cell theory

1.all living things are made of at least one cell

2.cells are the basic unit of structure and function

3.cells come from preexisting cells

Endomembrane system

the organelles in a cell (eukaryote) that create and transport proteins

What does DNA do

tells us how to make a protein

Where is DNA found

found in the nucleus

nucleus

large central circle with smaller circle inside

what does the nucleus do

protects the DNA

what is the nucleus made of

a hollow sphere made of a phospholipid bilayer called the nuclear membrane with special holes called nuclear pores that regulate what goes in and out

lysosomes

break down things that don’t belong

mRNA

a quick cheap copy of DNA to make a protein

transcription

the process of making mRNA

what does the m in mRNA stand for

messenger RNA

why is mRNA a quick, cheap copy

only one helix, only a gene, if it is destroyed you can make another

gene

a segment of your DNA that tells you how to do one thing

where does mRNA go

ribosomes

ribosomes

small dot like structures on the rough ER or floating in cytoplasm

function of ribosomes

makes polypeptide chain by translating the mRNA

translation

the process of reading a nucleic acid to make a polypeptide chain

monomer of a protein

amino acid

How to know which ribosome to use

-proteins that will be secreted out of the cell will use ribosomes on the rough ER

-proteins that will be used inside the cell will use ribosomes floating in the cyctoplasm

what are ribosomes made out of

proteins and rRNA

what does the r in rRNA stand for

ribosomal RNA

what does the nucleolus do

make rRNA

nucleolus

the dark inner circle in the nucleus

ribosomes are made of 2 parts

-large subunit (top)

-small subunit (bottom)

most organelles have a membrane except

ribosomes

membrane bound organelle

an organelle with a membrane

non-membrane bound organelle

an organelle without a membrane

prokaryotes do not have

membrane bound organelles

endoplasmic reticulums are

made of membranes

when are polypeptide chains proteins

after they are folded

rough endoplasmic reticulum

rough bc has ribosomes

function of rough ER

folds polypeptide chain into protein

why is rough ER attached to nucleus

-mRNA is in nucleus and less change to get destroyed

-rRNA is made in nucleolus and they wouldn’t have to travel far

-protects from lysosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

smooth because doesn’t have ribosomes

function of smooth ER

makes lipids that are useful in membranes

-breaks down drugs and toxinx

liver

breaks down drugs and alcohol; has many smooth ERs

pancreas

secrete cells; has many rough ERs and ribosomes

muscle cells

require lots of ATP; has a lot of mitochondria

vesicle

a membrane around a substance requiring protection besides an organelle

transport vesicle

moves stuff around inside the cell from organelle to organelle

which organelle uses transport vesicles

rough endoplasmic reticulum

secretory vesicle

secretes stuff out of the cell (cell membrane)

golgi apparatus

a folded membrane not attached to the nucleus

function of golgi aparatus

modifies the protein (any macromolecule needed) and packages it into a secretory vesicle

function of secretory vesicle

merges with the cell membrane and causes only the protein to be spit out of the cell; the phospholipids of the vesicles merge with the membrane

exocytosis

when the secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and spits out the protein out of the cell

what two monosaccharides are produced once lactose is digested

glucose and galactose

lactase persistent

someone who produces lactase in adulthood

what type of enzyme is lactase

digestive

where is the lactase enzyme

cells in the intestines

genetic mutations that cause lactase persistence

The mutation is found in a regulatory/ noncoding region in front of the lactase gene.

lactase

the enzyme that breaks down lactose

lactase non-persistent

an adult who does not produce lactase

lactose intolerant

The inability to fully digest lactose

lactose tolerant

The ability to fully digest lactose

reactants of the process that lactase performs

lactose

products of the process that lactase performs

galactose and glucose

central dogma of biology

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein

prokaryotic cell

no nucleus, all bacteria, all unicellular

eukaryotic cell

has a nucleus, can’t be bacteria, uni or multicellular (protists, fungi, plants, animals)