Topic 2: Intro to Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules After studying this material, you should be able to: 1. Explain why carbon is an ideal atomic building block for biological molecules. 2. Be able to name, recognize and draw the major functional groups of biological molecules

Hydrocarbon

nonpolar bonds of hydrogens and carbons

Hydroxyl group

set up to make h-bond

found in alcohols and sugars

carbonyl group

carbon double bonded to an oxygen

two types if on end or in the middle

carboxyl group

carbon double-bonded to O and bonded to an OH group

combination of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group

H on OH can dissociate from from oxygen and oxygen becomes fully charged

amino group

N bonded to 2 hydrogens and bonded to another element

a basic group - can accept hydrogens to become charged (more basic)

sulfhydryl group

S bonded to a hydrogen

When two sulfhydryl bonds interact hydrogens are removed and creates a S - S bond

phosphate group

phosphate bonded to 2 oxygen (one is doubled bonded) and 2 OH

ketone

Carbonyl group in the middle ex polypeptide chain

aldehyde

carbonyl group at the end attached to a hydrogen

disulfide bond

sulfur bonded to another sulfur

macromolecule

large molecules usually made of polymers

Carbs

proteins

nucleic acids

lipids

protein

made of amino acids (monomer)

Functions of protiens

structure

regulation - gene expression

signaling - hormones

movement - muscle contraction

metabolism - enzymes

transport - carry materials across membranes

carbohydrate

monosaccharide (monomer) polysaccharide (polymer)

nucleic acid

nucleotide (monomer) DNA and RNA (polymer)

lipid

fat, glycerol (monomer) triglyceride (polymer)

monomer

single unit

polymer

multiple units

dehydration reaction

taking out

hydrolysis reaction

removing 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen (H20) to bind to make a monomer

ex. combining to amino acids

why is carbon is an ideal atomic building block for biological molecules

carbon can form long chains and rings can make 4 bonds making it versatile, good backbone to macro molecules