5. Universal Precautions

pathogenic microorganisms can potentially cause what?

disease

What are some potentially infectious material?

* human blood
* semen
* vaginal secretions
* cerebrospinal fluid
* synovial fluid
* any other fluid contaminated with blood

what are the major results of a viral infection?

* fatigue
* weakness
* nausea
* abdominal pain
* headache
* fever
* jaundice

the HBV vaccine is strongly recommended for what kind of people

those who could come in contact with PIM

what is HBV?

hepatitis B virus

what is HCV?

hepatitis C virus

what is caused by HCV?

acute and chronic form of liver disease

what are the signs and symptoms of HCV?

1. 80% of those infected should have no signs or symptoms
2. jaundice, mild abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle or joint pain, and/or dark urine

how is HCV spread?

by contact with blood of infected person

* sharing needles or syringes
* sharing person care items that may have blood on them

what is HIV?

**Human Immunodeficiency Virus** → family of complex viruses that invade normal healthy cells, thus decreasing the effectiveness of the host cell in preventing disease

what is AIDS?

**Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome** → collection of signs and symptoms that are recognized as the effects of an infection

T/F Person infected with AIDS has no protection against the most minor infections

TRUE

T/F Positive test for HIV can predict when the individual might show symptoms of AIDS

FALSE → it cannot predict

are the chances of transmitting HIV among athletes high?

NOOPEE → low chance

* minial risk of on-field transmission of HIV

what are some sports that may have a higher risk for bloodborne pathogens?

* martial arts
* wrestling
* boxing

should we go around and be in contact with other people’s bodily fluids

i would hope not

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991…….

infected athletes cannot be discriminated against and may be excluded from participation on a medically sound basis

why were guidelines by OSHA developed?

to protect the health care provider and the patient against bloodborne pathogens

what should the bloodborne pathogen exposure control plan include?

* counseling
* education
* volunteer testing
* management of bodily fluids

should all sports programs have a bloodborne pathogen exposure control plan?

obviously

who should follow OSHA’s guidelines?

anyone coming in contact with blood or other bodily fluids

how can healthcare personnel working directly with bodily fluids protect themselves against bloodborne pathogens?

use appropriate **protective equipment** in **all cases**

what are some stuffs to clean people?

* soap
* clean, running, hot water
* antiseptics

what are some stuffs to clean the environment?

* chlorine, bleach, or other disinfectants
* appropriate disposal containers (sharps and laundry)

what are some first aid supplies?

* PPE
* wound care supplies (bandages and topical antiseptics)

what are some postexposure documents?

* exposure route
* identification of the source individual
* blood test
* counseling
* evaluation of reported illness

Laws that pertain to reporting and notification of results relative to confidentiality vary from ________

state to state

what type of skin wound?

skin abrasion

what type of skin wound?

laceration with sutures

what type of skin wound?

incision

what type of skin wound?

puncture wound

what type of skin wound?

avulsion

what are abrasions?

* the skin is @@**scraped against a rough surface**@@
* the **top layer of skin wears away**, exposing numerous blood capillaries
* i**ncreased probability of infection** unless wound is properly debrided and cleansed

what are lacerations?

* @@**blunt force over a sharp bone or bone**@@ that is poorly padded
* can lead to skin avulsion

what are incisions?

* wounds with @@**smooth edges**@@
* often appear where a **sharp or pointed object tears the skin**
* can be pulled together by **sterile strips or sutures**
* **not as serious**

what are puncture wounds?

* @@**can be fatal**@@
* can @@**induce the tetanus bacillus**@@ into the bloodstream → **lockjaw**
* **REFER TO PHYSICIAN**

what are avulsion wounds?

* skin is @@**torn from the body**@@
* associated with major bleeding
* possibly attached if skin is placed on **moist gauze (saturated with saline)**, **immersed in cold water**, and in a **plastic bag**

what is the initial care for abrasion wounds?

* **cleanse and debride** with saline or tap water irrigation
* cleanse periwound tissues with **saline, tap water irrigation, or scrubbing with sterile gauze soaked with saline, tap water, or antiseptic**
* dry tissues
* dress the wound with @@**nonocclusive or occlusive**@@
* apply secondary dressing if needed

what is the initial care of laceration/incision?

* **saline or tap water irrigation**
* avoid using tap water if @@**bone or tendon is exposed**@@
* periwound = irrigate or scrub
* closure will depend on length, width, depth, and location

what is the initial care of puncture wounds?

* remove small and visble objects
* allow bleeding to occur to self-cleanse, conrol venous or arterial bleeding
* use gentle irrigation
* nonocclusive or occlusive dressing

what is an occlusive dressing?

* complete barrier
* air and water tight
* prevent contaminants from getting into the wound

what is the initial care for an avulsion wound?

* cleanse, debride, saline or tap water irrigation
* apply OCCLUSIVE dressing
* REFER

are sutures necessary?

DEPENDS

* size and type of wound
* amount of blood
* location

what are the 4 stages of wound healing?

1. hemostasis
2. inflammatory
3. proliferative
4. remodeling

what are the classic signs of a wound infection?

* inflammation, pain, heat, redness, swelling, and disordered function
* pus may form due to accumulation of white blood cells
* fever

what strain of bacterium has become resistant to some antibiotics?

staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant S. aureus)

what is tetanus?

a bacterial infection that may cause fever and convulsions

\
tonic spasm of skeletal muscles is always a possibility for any nonimmunized athlete

how does tetanus form?

enters the wound as a spore and acts on the motor end plate of the CNS

how often should the tetanus vaccine be administered?

every 10 years