anatomy chap 25 quiz

Visceral pleura

Covers the outer surface of the lung.

Oropharynx

Common passageway for food, drink, and air in the respiratory and digestive systems.

Trachea bifurcation

Occurs at the level of the sternal angle.

Last smallest portion of conducting respiratory system

The terminal bronchiole.

Function not performed by paranasal sinuses

Gas exchange.

Laryngeal prominence cartilage

The thyroid cartilage.

Function of C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea

Prevent the trachea from collapsing.

Alveolar gas exchange

The exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and blood; also known as pulmonary gas exchange or external respiration.

Epithelium lining an alveolus

Simple squamous epithelium.

Week of embryonic development for conducting portion formation

Week 16.

Conducting vs. respiratory portions of respiratory system

Conducting portion transports air; respiratory portion is where gas exchange occurs.

Main functions of the respiratory system

Gas exchange, gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, and defense.

Two types of gas exchange

External respiration and internal respiration.

Structures involved in gas conditioning

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, along with respiratory epithelium and mucus.

Vocal folds for higher-pitched sound

Must be more tightly stretched.

Vocal folds for lower-pitched sound

Must be less tightly stretched.

Production of a louder sound

Greater force of air moving through the vocal folds.

Components of bronchial tree from largest to smallest

Main bronchi → lobar bronchi → segmental bronchi → smaller bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles.

Change in epithelium as bronchial tree gets smaller

From pseudostratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar/simple cuboidal.

Change in cartilage in bronchial tree

Cartilage becomes less numerous and smaller, eventually disappearing in bronchioles.

Change in smooth muscle in bronchial tree

The amount of smooth muscle becomes proportionately greater in bronchioles.

Differences between vocal and vestibular folds

Vocal folds are for sound production; vestibular folds protect the airway.

Importance of alveolar type II cells

They secrete pulmonary surfactant, reducing surface tension and keeping alveoli inflated.

Anatomical differences between left and right lungs

Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two lobes and is smaller due to the heart's position.

Thoracic cavity dimensions during inhalation and exhalation

Inhalation increases dimensions; exhalation decreases them.

Muscles assisting changes in thoracic cavity dimensions

Diaphragm and external intercostals for quiet breathing; accessory muscles for forced inhalation and internal intercostals for forced exhalation.

Respiratory centers in the brain

Medulla: ventral respiratory group (VRG) and dorsal respiratory group (DRG); Pons: pontine respiratory center.

Age-related changes in respiratory system

Decline in lung capacity/function, less elastic tissue, decreased gas exchange efficiency, lower ventilation rate.

Effect of a bad cold on voice

It causes changes and inflammation affecting sound production in the respiratory structures.

Risks of smoking for young adults

Exposure to over 200 chemicals leading to chronic lung diseases and cardiovascular problems.

Importance of fetal development after week 26

Primitive alveoli develop profusely with sufficient pulmonary surfactant production for better survival rates.