Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

What does the cardiovascular system do?

transports food, hormones, metabolic wastes and gases to and from cells

What does blood do?

helps to maintain homeostasis

What does blood consist of?

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

What's another word for red blood cells?

erythrocytes

What's another word for white blood cells?

leukocytes

What's another word for platelets?

thrombocytes

What do erythrocytes do?

transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the living tissues of the body and carry away carbon dioxide

What do erythrocytes contain?

hemoglobin

where are erthrocytes produced?

bone marrow

What does hemoglobin do?

combines with oxygen and transports it from the lungs to body tissues

What do leukocytes do?

protect the body against invading organisms and remove dead cells and other waste from the body

What do leukocytes play a huge role in?

the immune system and the immune response

What are the types of leukocytes?

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

What do thrombocytes look like?

tiny colorless disk-shaped particles

How do thrombocytes prevent blood loss?

they form platelet plugs and promote the formation of clots

What is plasma?

liquid part of blood

What does plasma look like?

yellowish clear liquid

What does plasma do?

it serves as a transport medium for glucose, lipids, amino acids, hormones, metabolic end products, carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2)

What are blood vessels?

hollow utensils for carrying blood

What are the types of blood vessels?

arteries, veins, capillaries

What do arteries do?

carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

What do veins do?

carry low-oxygen blood back to the heart

What are the smallest blood vessels?

capillaries

What do capillaries do?

exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide and other molecules between blood and tissue

How are capillaries permeable?

various materials can easily be diffused into and out of them

What are the different layers of cardiac muscle?

endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium

What is the inner layer of the heart?

endocardium

What is the muscle layer of the heart?

myocardium

What is the outer surface of the heart?

epicardium

What is diastole?

relaxation of the heart

What is systole?

contraction of the heart

A bpm of less than 60 means what?

bradycardia

A bpm of more than 100 means what?

tachycardia

What is arteriosclerosis?

arterial walls gradually thicken and arterial fibers decline

What is atherosclerosis?

the build-up of plaque on the inner lining of the arteries causing them to narrow and be less flexible

What is coronary heart disease?

when the arteries which supply blood to the heart muscle (the coronary arteries) become hardened and narrowed

What is a stroke?

blood clot in the brain

What is hypertension?

high blood pressure

What are murmurs?

abnormal heart sounds

What is a heart attack?

blockage of coronary artery

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs for oxygenation, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral/bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

What is the flow of air through the respiratory system?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Where is the pharynx located?

in the throat

What does the pharynx house?

tonsils

What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What does the nasopharynx connect?

nose and pharynx

What is the oropharynx located?

back of throat

What does the laryngopharynx connect?

esophagus and larynx

What is the larynx?

voice box

What is the larynx composed of?

epiglottis, hyoid bone, thyroid membrane, thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple), cricoid cartilage, and vocal cords

What does the trachea divide into?

right and left primary bronchi

What is are bronchi?

large air tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs which convey air to and from the lungs

What are a pair of cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity?

lungs

What does the pleural membrane do?

encloses and protects the lungs

What is the visceral pleural?

deep layer which covers the lungs

What does the alveoli do?

gas exchange

What is emphysema?

a long-term, progressive disease of the lung that primarily causes shortness of breath

What is the primary cause of emphysema?

cigarette smoking

What is asthma?

a chronic disease that affects your airways

What is influenza?

highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory system with sudden onset

What is lung cancer?

a disease where tissue in the lung grows out of control

What is the main cause for lung cancer?

exposure to carcinogens in tobacco through smoking or secondhand smoke

What is pneumonia?

inflammation of the alveoli in lungs which also filled w/ fluid

What is tuberculosis?

a common and deadly infectious disease that attacks the lungs and is caused by mycobacterium

What is another word for Carbon Dioxide Poisoning?

hypercapnia

What is Carbon Dioxide Posioning?

a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood

What is Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) also called?

common cold

What is sleep apnea?

condition in which an individual stops breathing while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in oxygen levels

Does sleep apnea most commonly affect men or women?

men

What is laryngitis?

inflammation of the larynx

What is rhinitis?

inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane