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Ottoman Empire
A powerful Muslim empire that ruled over much of the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.
95 Theses
A document authored by Martin Luther in 1517 that outlined objections to the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences.
Bartolomé de las Casas
A Spanish Dominican friar who advocated for the rights of indigenous people in the Americas.
Sikhism
A faith founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century, blending elements of Hinduism and Islam.
Francis Xavier
A European explorer and Jesuit priest who introduced Christianity to Japan in 1549.
Qing Dynasty
The Manchu-led dynasty that seized power from the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644.
Mehmed II
The Ottoman Sultan known as the 'Conqueror' who captured Constantinople in 1453.
Safavid Empire
An empire founded by Shah Ismail I that united various Persian tribes and kingdoms under his rule in 1501.
Agra
The capital city of the Mughal Empire established by Akbar in 1571, known for its art and culture.
Oprichniki
The secret police force created by Ivan IV in Russia to enforce his policies and root out treason.
Portugal
The European state that established a presence in the Indian Ocean trade during the 16th century.
Swahili Coast
The region where city-states like Kilwa Kisiwani and Mombasa played important roles in Indian Ocean trade.
Ferdinand Magellan
The first European to circumnavigate the globe and explored the coasts of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
The Moluccas
The spice-producing island chain in Indonesia that was a major source of valuable spices during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Sumatra
The island in Indonesia known for the Sultanate of Aceh, which played a key role in spreading Islam.
Sugar
The primary export commodity of the colony of Brazil during the 1450-1750 period.
Mercantilism
An economic theory dominating European policy that emphasized wealth being measured by gold and silver.
Kingdom of Kongo
The African kingdom Portugal went to war with in the 17th century over increased demand for slaves.
Samuel de Champlain
The French explorer who established the first trading post in present-day Canada during the 1450-1750 period.
Salt
The primary commodity traded by the Dutch at their trading post of Curaçao to support their fishing industry.
Confucianism
The traditional philosophy challenged by the Manchu leaders of the Qing Dynasty.
Jizya Tax
The tax on all non-Muslim residents that Akbar the Great eliminated during his rule.
Casta System
The hierarchical system of social classification based on racial categories used in colonial Spanish America.
Roxelana
The wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent who became a powerful political figure.
Spain
The country to which Sephardic Jews trace their heritage.
