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what two types of particles is all matter made up of?
quarks and leptons
what are fundamenta particles?
particles that cannot be broken down any further
why is an atom not fundamental?
it contains smaller particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
why are protons and neutrons not fundamental?
they contain quarks
what are the first generation of quarks?
up (u) and down (d) quarks
what are the first generation of leptons?
electron (e) and electron neutrino
what is the charge of an electron?
-1
what is the charge of an electron neutrino?
0
what is the charge of an up quark?
2/3
what is the charge of a down quark?
-1/3
what are antiparticles?
each quark and lepton has its own antiparticle with the same mass but opposite charge
what is the charge of a positron?
+1
what is the charge of an electron antineutrino?
0
what is the charge of an anti-up?
-2/3
what is the charge of an anti-down?
1/3
how do you write the symbol for an anti-particle?
place a bar across the top of the particle symbol
what do particles and their antiparticles do to eachother?
annihilate each other
what happens when a particle and it’s anti-particle annihilate each other?
they disappear and produce two photons which travel in opposite directions
what type of particle is a hadron?
composite
what is a composite particle?
a particle that is not fundamental eg made up of quarks
what are the three types of hadrons?
baryons
antibaryons
mesons
what are baryons made up of?
three quarks
what is the structure of a proton?
uud
what is the structure of a neutron?
udd
what is the structure of a delta plus plus?
uuu
what is the structure of a delta minus?
ddd
list some baryons
protons
neutrons
delta
what are antibaryons made up of?
3 antiquarks
what are mesons made up of?
quark-antiquark pairs
give an example of a meson
pions
what are the four ways in which particles can interact?
gravitational
weak
strong
electromagnetic
what is the force of attraction between all matter with mass?
the gravitational interaction
how far does the gravitational force extend?
to an infinite distance, but decreases in a inverse square relationship
how strong is the gravitational interaction?
very weak
what interaction is experienced by all leptons and quarks?
the weak force
why are baryons also affected by the weak force?
they are composed of quarks
when is the weak interaction not significant?
when strong and electromagnetic forces are present
what else is the weak interaction responsible for?
reactions where neutrinos and quark flavour changes (when a down changes to an up)
what interaction is experienced by all quarks?
the strong force
what is the range of the strong force?
short
what is the force between all charged particles?
electromagnetic force
what is the range of electromagnetic force?
infinite range
why are neutral hadrons affected by the electromagnetic force?
they are composed of quarks
what is the lepton number of a positron?
-1
what is the lepton number of an electron antineutrino?
-1
what is the lepton number of an electron?
1
what is the lepton number of an electron neutrino?
1
what is the baryon number of a baryon?
1
what is the baryon number of an antibaryon?
-1
what is the baryon number of any other particle?
0
what occurs during bet minus decay?
a neutron turns into a proton which then emits an electron and a electron antineutrino
what three values must you check the conservation of?
charge
lepton number
baryon number
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