PAES Irrigation Structures (Shallow tube well, Waste water, FMR, SPIS)

aquifer

geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to be economically developed for pumping with a well

confined aquifer

aquifer where groundwater is confined or overlain by a relatively impermeable layer

effective size

particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing

pumping test

pumping of water from a fully developed well at a controlled rate and observing, with respect to time, the drawdown in two or more observation wells, in order to determine the aquifer hydrologic properties

shallow tubewell

tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface with the use of suction lift pumps

unconfined aquifer

aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone of saturation

uniformity coefficient

ratio of the particle size at 60% passing to that at 10% passing

well log

a record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness, lithology and other aquifer physical characteristics

Dug Well

used in unconsolidated formations with large diameters which permit considerable water storage. Wells are constructed through manual excavation using pick and shovel while the loose materials are hauled to the surface in a container.

Bored Well/Augered Well

used in formations with very shallow water depths. Wells are constructed using hand-operated or power-driven earth auger while the loose materials collected in the blades are removed and then boring is repeated until the desired depth and diameter of the well is achieved.

Driven Well

used in unconsolidated formations with shallow water tables that contain not too many rocks. Consists of a series of connected lengths of pipe driven by repeated impacts to the ground below the water table. Water enters through the drive point at the lower end of the well with a screened cylindrical section. Driving can be done with a maul, sledge, drop hammer or air hammer

Jetted Well

constructed by the cutting action of a downward-directed steam of water to excavate the hole and carry the excavated materials out of the hole.

access areas

areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial park landscapes

algal bloom

overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water

contamination

introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use

effluent

discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic, commercial and recreational facilities

effluent standard

any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or concentrations or any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person or point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or land

loading limit

allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.

restricted areas

areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians and other similar areas

re-use

taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in another process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture

setback distance

distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or area of concern that is sensitive to contamination

waste

any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community and household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded

wastewater

waste in liquid state containing pollutants

aggregates

granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed stone or light weight materials

backfill

the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction

base course

the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate that rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade. Treatment may include application of chemical-based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/or any approved method

borrow

the suitable material used for embankments

bridge

structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other moving loads; and having an opening measured along the center of the roadway between faces of abutments, spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of the opening for multiple box culverts or multiple pipes that are 60 inches or more in diameter and that have a clear distance between openings of not less than half of the smallest pipe diameter

clearing

removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground surface

compaction

application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of excessive voids. Compaction minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and increases strength

course

structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more

culvert

drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way

crushed gravel

product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture

drainage

removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other several structures

earthwork

operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or rock

erosion control

protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent

excavation

act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material

field density test

determination of the degree of compactness of the soil

fill

access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and fishermen

grade

slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground

gradation

property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups

gradient

rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in percentage

grading

preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement materials including base and surfacing materials

grubbing

removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground surface

lane roadway

roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic

masonry

form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials that have been bonded together with mortar to form a structure

riprap

quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure

road bed

graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder

roadway

space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of agricultural products

road carriageway

travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders

roadway embankment

raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock

road shoulder

part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that provide lateral support of base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for vehicles

salvage materials

saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and intended to be used in other construction

specifications

written technical description of materials, equipment, construction systems, standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the requirements for acceptable completion of the work

structures

refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks, transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may be encountered in the work and are classified as structures

Subbase course

refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated thickness in a pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base course

turn-out section

a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that may be used for emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give passing opportunity to following or incoming vehicles

controller

link between motor pump and solar generator that regulates the operation of PV array to pump and is classified into two types: inverter (directly connected to pump set) and charge controller (with batteries)

charge controller

monitors the charging and discharging of the battery connected to the PV array

inverter

converts direct current (DC) from PV module to alternating current

photovoltaic (PV) array

composed of PV modules connected in combination of series and parallel connections, which convert energy from the sun into electrical energy

pump

agricultural machinery that is used to lift or transfer water from one source to another

submersible pump

pump designed to operate fully submerged in the water source

surface pump

pump designed to operate above water surface

PV module/ solar panel

assembly of photovoltaic cells mounted in a frame that uses sunlight as a source of energy to generate a DC electricity

PV performance ratio

ratio of the input solar power to the PV module and the output power of the inverter/controller

ray of incidence

the angle with which a ray of sunlight strikes the surface of the PV module, measured with respect to a line perpendicular to said surface

reservoir

temporary water storage that adds kinetic energy to facilitate water distribution. This is also known as a water tank

solar irradiance

amount of solar energy received by or projected onto a surface, expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m2 )

Solar Powered Irrigation System (SPIS)

rrigation system powered by solar energy, using PV technology, which converts solar energy into electrical energy to run a DC or AC motor-based water pump. It consists of solar PV modules, pump set, electronic controls to operate the pump, the required hardware, and in some cases other items like inverters and batteries

suction lift

the vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump suction

system efficiency

ratio of the output power of the pump set and the total solar input power

total dynamic head/ total head

measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and expressed by the algebraic difference between the total discharge head and total suction head, expressed in meters (m)