PE paper 1

Describe how the cardiac conduction system causes the heart to contract

1. Sino Atria node fires an electrical impulse causing the atria to contract

2. Atria ventricular node receives the impulses and holds it for 0.1 of a second as the atria finishes contracting

3. impulse travels to the bundle of his

4. reaches the bundle branches where the impulse splits into two

5. impulse travels to the purkinje fibres and the ventricles then contract

Identify all the planes and axis and provide an example for each

Frontal plane, sagittal axis: cartwheel

Sagittal plane, transverse axis: forwards roll

Transverse plane, longitudinal axis: 360 spin

Describe the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in the regulation of heart rate

• Cardiac control centre sends an impulse to the SA node

• Sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate

• Sympathetic impulse travels down the sympathetic nerve

• Parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate

• Parasympathetic nervous systems travel down the vagus nerve

Explain how changes in the acidity of the blood cause the heart rate to increase during a game of football

• As blood acidity increases, the pH will decrease because of the increase in lactic acid produced during exercise

• this will be detected by the chemoreceptors

• neural messages are sent to the cardiac control centre in the medulla oblongata

• sympathetic nervous system sends neural impulses to the SA node to increase heart rate

Analyse the role of EPOC during a boxing match and the impact it has on performance

• EPOC occurs during breaks to repay oxygen debts as they have worked anaerobically

• Some ATP-PC will be resynthesises allowing the boxer to perform explosively and at high intensity

• PC stores will not be fully resynthesises resulting in the increased use of anaerobic glycolytic system

• Not enough time to remove lactic acid so it will build up causing fatigue

Name and describe the 5 mechanisms of venous return

Skeletal muscle pump: contraction of skeletal muscles compress veins, squeezing blood back to the heart

Respiratory pump: pressure difference between thoracic and abdominal cavity during inspiration and expiration squeezes blood back to the heart

One way pocket valve: prevent back flow of blood by closing once blood has passed

Venoconstriction of smooth muscle in the veins: creating vasomotor tone, which aids movement of blood

Suction pump of heart: more blood pumped out of the heart, so more blood is forced back

use starlings law of the heart to explain how stroke volume increases during activity

• during exercise, Venus return increases

• as more blood returns to the heart there is an increase in stretch of the heart walls

• this stretch increase leads to an increase in contraction strength

• therefore more blood is ejected from the left ventricle which is known as increased ejection fraction

• as more blood is leaving the heart, stroke volume increases

Outline altitude and HIIT training

Altitude: working above 1500m, results in natural increase in levels of red blood cells, this improves aerobic energy system

HIIT: mixture of high intensity anaerobic periods of work and low intensity aerobic recovery intervals, develops the anaerobic energy systems, improves the aerobic energy system

describe the Bohr shift

• occurs as a result of increased co2 and temperature

• increase in hydrogen ions

• when an oxyhaemoglobin disassociation curve moves to the right

outline the cardiac cycle

• atrial diastole: heart muscles relax, heart valves closed, blood returns to atria

• atrial systole: atria in contraction, AV valves are open, blood to ventricles

• ventricular systole: ventricles in contraction, semilunar valves are open, blood passes to arteries

• ventricular diastole: all heart muscles relax, heart valves closed, blood returns to atria

explain how wave summation allows a gymnast to gain the required height in a floor routine

• can produce more powerful contraction

• muscle is stimulated again before it is relaxed

• therefore gymnast can apply greater force to adjust the height

explain spatial summation

• strength of a contraction changes by altering number of motor units

• when there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax to smooth contractions occur

• tetanic contraction

Outline lactate sampling and the VO2 max test

lactate sampling: measures level of lactate in bloodstream, venous extraction of blood using a needle, taken to calculate OBLA levels

VO2 max test: progressive test, carried out on a treadmill, calculate maximal volume of oxygen consumed, involves gas analysis

outline how cardiovascular drift may result in lower levels of performance

• athletes sweat reducing plasma volume in blood

• blood becomes more viscous which reduces venous return

• due to starlings law ejection fraction will decrease

• heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output

briefly outline the three energy systems and identify a supplement to optimise performance

ATP-PC: main energy during maximal intensity short duration, 5-10 seconds, creatine

Anaerobic glycolic: main energy during high intensity, short duration, 10s-3 minutes, sodium bicarbonate

Aerobic system: main energy during long duration, low intensity, 3 minutes +, caffeine

explain the term anticipatory rise

• rise in heart rate prior to any activity

• caused by release of adrenaline from adrenal glands

outline tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume, total lung capacity and minute ventilation

TV: volume of air breathed in or out per breath. increases with exercise

VC: volume of air forcibly expired after max inspire in 1 breath

IRV: volume of air forcibly inspired after normal breath. decreases with exercise

ERV: volume of air forcibly expired after normal breath. decreases with exercise

RV: volume of air in lungs after max exhalation

TLC: vital capacity + residual volume

MV: volume of air breathed in and out in 1 minute. increases with exercise

what is a spirometer trace

device used to measure volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs. shown on a graph

how do body systems adapt to increase an athletes maximum A-VO2 diff

• increased gaseous exchange at the missiles due to increased capillarisation, more larger mitochondria allowing for more oxygen to be used in a muscle cell

• increased oxygen content in arterial blood due to more red blood cells carrying capacity of the blood

briefly outline the three muscle fibres

Slow twitch / type 1: slow contraction speed, low intensity exercise, produce energy aerobically, long distance running

fast oxidative glycolytic / type 2a: faster contraction speed, fatigue quickly, short burst of effort, produce energy anaerobically, 400m

fast glycolytic / type 2b: fast contraction speed, fatigue very quick, short burst, produce energy anaerobically, 100m sprint

name and describe three key processes in the aerobic energy system

glycolysis: glucose broken down into pyretic acid

kerb cycle: oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A

electron transport chain: transfer of electrons down a chain and hydrogen is oxidised

briefly outline levers

1st: Fulcrum central, neck movements and overhead throws

2nd: Load central, plantar flexion

3rd: Effort central, everything else

describe insight learning (cognitive theory)

• gestaltist theory

• learning takes place from problem solving using previous experiences

• remember the requirements of a skill by being placed into an environment which uses the whole performance

describe operant conditioning (behaviourism)

• skinner theory

• coach uses a manipulating approach to ensure skills are learned

• rewarded actions are likely to be repeated

• reinforcement to link correct response with stimulus

• trial and error learning

describe observational learning (social learning)

• bandora theory

• all behaviour can be learned by watching and copying others

• attention → retention → motor production → motivation

describe social development theory (constructivism)

• Vygotsky theory

• performer builds on what they know by working with others to help develop the skills

• asses what level of performance they are working at

• understand what to do to learn more advice as the skill advances further

what is the psychological refractory period and why it occurs

• a delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed

• brain can only process one stimulus at a time

• performer must clear the response to the first stimuli before they can respond to the second

briefly outline whitings information processing model

input - where the stimulus arrives

receptors - senses detecting stimuli

perceptual mechanisms - stimuli are interpreted, selective attention

translatory mechanisms - decision is made

effector mechanisms - response is programmed

output - response is performed

feedback - information received about the performance

outline single-channel hypothesis

• only one stimuli can be processed at a time

• second stimulus must wait for the first to be processed

• this increases response time

• lead to the psychological refractory period

outline the two types of anticipation

temporal - pre judging when the stimulus is going to happen

social - where and what the projected stimulus is going to be

outline hicks law

• as number of choices increase, so does reaction time

• players use as advantage as it keeps opponents guessing

what does ace face stand for under characteristics of a skill

• Accuracy

• Controlled

• Economical

• Fluent

• Aesthetically pleasing

• Consistent

• Efficient

what does smarter stand for in goal setting

• specific

• measurable

• accepted

• realistic

• time bound

• evaluate

• re do

what is the learning plateau

• no sign in improvement of the skill being performed

• performer stops progressing

discuss varied, massed, distributed and progressive part practice

• V: practicing in constant changing environment

• M: no rest intervals

• D: practice with rest periods

• PP: each part gradually added

identify the recall schema of Schmidt’s schema theory

recall schema: information used in the motor programme in the memory system

initial conditions: sporting environment information that has to be recognised

response specification: environment information is used to assess available options

identify the recognition schema of Schmidt’s schema theory

recognition: information required is noticed and the action is adapted

sensory consequences: information from senses is used to control and apply movement to the situation

response outcome: schema and motor programme can be updated by getting knowledge of the result of the action

analyse how short term memory and long term memory work together to allow an autonomous performer to make decisions

• gather important information and hold it in their short term memory

• information will be compared to a wide range of experiences stored in the long term memory

• will have many skilful motor programmes stored in long term memory to choose from which is then given to the short term memory to perform with

state your knowledge of video and analysis programmes

• packages include Dartfish and Prozone

• methods include frame by frame play back, high quality camera and match analysis

outline baddeley and hitches working memory model

central executive: selects which information will be sent to each of the 3 subsystems

phonological loop: deals with sound

visuospatial sketchpad: stores visual and spatial information

episodic buffer: sends sequences of information from the loop and sketchpad to the longterm memory

outline sport england

• campaign where they believe sport should be open for all

• embrace cultures in an environment that overcomes barriers so everyone can compete

outline UK sport

• help develop elite performers to win more Olympic and Paralympic medals

• lead high performance sport to enable extraordinary moments

• funded by government and national lottery

outline social stratification

society is divided into different classes based on wealth and status

outline strengths for primary and secondary socialisation

primary: occurs in early years so has large impact on core beliefs, involves family members to support participation in sport

secondary: occur over longer period of time so can change core values, it is a result of your own choices regarding participation

outline social control

how people thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour is regulated

outline stereotyping

making generalisations about an individual or group due to them belonging to a certain group

what work does sport Englands local partners do

• club development

• funding and support

• safeguarding

• facility development

• eduction programmes

name two aims of the wenlock games

• form an olympian class

• promote moral and physical health

outline what impact changing status had on performers

• increased prize money results in more training which increases standards

• increases entertainment value which raises profile

• makes the sport more appealing as a career

• however it increases the chance of cheating due to prize money

what do you know about the middle class

• self made men during industrial revolution

• less money than upper, more than lower

• factory owners, officers in the army

• had control over and were helping the working class

discuss national governing bodies

• regulate a specific sport at national level e.g. the FA in football

• positive role models, accessible facilities, meet government policies

describe social action theory

• how sport can impact society

• society is created by social interaction

• by interacting, people create organisations

• these organisations influence wider society

• promotes sport becoming more democratic

outline prejudice and discrimination

prejudice: preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or experience

discrimination: unfair treatment of a person, racial group or minority