Study Exam 1 Biology sucks bootie cheeks

What is Biology?

the study of life

taxonomy

A hierarchical system of grouping living things according to their degree of similarity is

domains (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya)

All living things can be placed into one of three ________, the highest level of organization of living things.

population

A pond contains guppies, cichlids, and freshwater crabs. The collection of all of the guppies and no other species is considered a _______________.

cell

The smallest unit of organization that can be considered a living thing is a(n)

is a variable that does not change and serves as a basis for comparison with the experimental group

In a scientific experiment, the control group _______.

Select all of the following statements that are TRUE for scientific theories.

It has been thoroughly tested.

It is generally accepted as true.

It is a confirmed explanation for observable events.

variable

A _____________ is anything that can change in an experiment.

bacteria

Which of the following is a biotic component (or factor)?

In a hypothetical food chain consisting of grass, a grasshopper, a mouse, and a hawk, the grasshopper represents a

Primary Consumer

A human that eats tuna which eats small fish that eats algae is

Tertiary Consumer

One principle of Natural selection is that more offspring are produced than are able to survive. Which of the following is an example of this principle?

There is not enough food for every giraffe to eat, so some die.

Genetic differences in populations within a species are called:

variations

Select the two Naturalists who independently developed the theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Charles Darwin

________________ is the study of all of the alleles or genes in a population over time.

population genetics

Changes in species over generations is a process called _________.

Descent with modification

Whether or not a trait is beneficial to a population depends on the ________

environment at the time.

_______________ structures are similar in appearance because they share a common ancestry and are a result of evolutionary divergence.

homologous (Homologous structures, like the bones in a human arm and a whale's flipper, share a common evolutionary origin).

Which of the following types of evidence shows support for evolution by comparing the development of organisms into their juvenile forms.

embryology (Embryology studies the anatomical similarities of organisms during their earliest stages of development).

The fossil record can show transition fossils, which:

show intermediate forms between earlier fossils and later forms

Which of the types of evidence supports evolution by relating geographic distribution of organisms across to planet to the movement of tectonic plates over time?

biogeography (Biogeography studies the global distribution of species and uses continental drift to explain why similar organisms are found on continents that are now far apart).

the process of gradual change in a population that can also lead to new species arising from older species

evolution

a collection of all ecosystems on Earth

biosphere

a basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions

atom

Suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested

hypothesis

a heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival in its present environment

adaptation

the process whereby nutrient runoff causes the excess growth of microorganisms and plants in aquatic systems

eutrophication

a structure that is similar because of descent from a common ancestor

homologous structure

an organism capable of synthesizing its own food molecules from smaller inorganic molecules

autotroph (Plants and algae are classic examples).

the cycling of minerals and nutrients through the biotic and abiotic world

biogeochemical cycle (Like the water, carbon, or nitrogen cycles).

a thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

theory

There is insufficient energy to support more trophic levels as energy is lost as heat between levels.

Why: Due to the 10% rule in ecology, only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next. The rest is lost as heat through metabolic processes, leaving too little energy to sustain a 6th or 7th level.

trophic

Why: The term "trophic level" literally translates to a feeding or energy level within an ecosystem or food web.

Answer: all of the biological interactions, plus interactions with the abiotic environment, in an area.

Why: An ecosystem includes all the living organisms (biotic community) interacting with one another, as well as the non-living (abiotic) physical environment.

biological magnification

Why: Biomagnification (or biological magnification) is the process where toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms as you move up the food chain.

fossil fuels

Why: The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth's surface, underground, and in the air. While fossil fuels are found underground, they are part of the geosphere/lithosphere and the carbon cycle, not active water storage.

slower than it is used or not at all.

Why: Non-renewable resources (like coal, oil, and natural gas) take millions of years to form, meaning they are consumed vastly faster than nature can replenish them.

atmosphere

Why: Carbon dioxide gas makes up a significant and highly dynamic reservoir of carbon in the Earth's atmosphere.

Increased burning of fossil fuels.

Why: While cellular respiration does release, it is part of a natural balance. The massive increase driving modern climate change comes from burning fossil fuels, which releases ancient stored carbon back into the atmosphere.