Communication Sciences Exam #2

Boyle's Law

a constant temp, air flows from region of greater air density/pressure to region of lesser air density/pressure

Inhalation

Diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

tidal inspiration

Tidal breathing cycle

the normal, restful cycle of inhalation and exhalation, with each breath moving a volume of air (tidal volume) into and out of the lungs, typically around 500 mL in healthy adults.

Difference between lung volume and lung capacity

Lung volume measures the amount of air for inspiration and exhalation.

Lung capacity measures how much air can be inhaled after a maximum exhalation.

Resting expiratory level

point in the respiratory cycle when there is no net flow in or out of the lungs

Obstructive lung disease

characterized by airflow limitations, making it difficult to exhale.

ex. asthma

Restrictive lung disease

conditions that limit lung's ability to expand and take in air

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing, shortness of breath

Stridor

Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages

Phonation

sound production at the larynx

Abduction vs adduction

Abduction - away from midline

Adduction - towards midline

Glottal region

Contains the VOCAL FOLDS and the GLOTTIS and is found in the larynx.

Supraglottal region

area above vocal folds, including epiglottis

Subglottal region

area below the vocal folds, down to the top of the trachea

Extrinsic muscle categories

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory

the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds

Principle of the Bernoulli Effect

As the speed of fluid increases, its pressure decreases, and vice versa

Cover-body model

model of the vocal folds that describes their layered structure and different levels of stiffness

Valves of the vocal tract

labial, lingual, velopharyngeal, laryngeal

Consonant Classification

Place, manner, voicing distinctions

Consonant classification: place

Where the consonant is articulated

Consonant classification: manner

How airflow is obstructed in the vocal tract

Consonant classification: voicing

voiced consonants: have the same murmur that is in vowels

voiceless consonants: lack the murmur

Vowel classification

Tongue height vs. tongue advancement

What categories are vowels placed into?

Diphthongs and monophthongs

Diphthongs

Sound by the combination of two vowels in one single syllable.

Monophthongs

simple vowels composed of a single configuration of the vocal tract

Acoustic theory of speech production

sound source (e.g., vocal fold vibration) is filtered by the vocal tract (throat, mouth, and nose) to create speech sounds.

Resonance of the vocal tract

Formant

a resonance of the vocal tract

Acoustic descriptions

F1 and F2 relationship

F1 refers to vowel height

F2 refers to vowel frontness/ backness

Lip rounding effect

Lip rounding lowers vocal tract resonance, affecting the sound of vowels and consonants.

essential for rounded vowels such as o and u and consonants such as w

Vowel quadrilateral

a two-dimensional figure (representing tongue height and tongue advancement) that displays the relative position of the tongue during vowel production

Onglide

beginning portion of a diphthong

Offglide

end portion of a diphthong

Ultrasound

Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz.

Electropalatography

Used to monitor timing and location of contact between the tongue and hard palate during speech

Electromagnetic midsagittal articulograph

uses sensor coils placed on the tongue and other parts of the mouth to measure their position and movement over time during speech and swallowing

Optoelectric tracking

follows the movement of light-emitting diodes-LED is placed on articulators and tracked by sensors-cannot record tongue movement

cycles per minute for tidal breathing/ breathing at rest

12-15

What is quiet breathing driven by?

Autonomic innervation of the diaphragm

Tidal volume

15% of total

-the amount of air that goes in/out during a single cycle of breathing

Residual volume

25% of total

-air stays in lungs, always there, cannot blow all air out of lungs

Inspiratory reserve volume

Air you can forcefully exhale after normal breath

Expiratory reserve volume

The air you can forcefully exhale after a normal breath

Dead air

Inhaled, not involved in gas exchange

Vital capacity

Volume air can be exhaled after max inhalation

Functional residual capacity

Volume of air remaining after end respiratory level

Total lung capacity

All volumes added together; maximum

Inspiratory capacity

Combo of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

Inhale: exhale ratio for life

40:60

Inhale: exhale ratio for speech

10:90

Volume of air inhaled/ exhaled per cycle for life

500 ml, 10% vital capacity

Volume of air inhaled/ exhaled per cycle for speech

Variable, depends on length/ loudness

-20-25% vital capacity

Muscle activity for exhalation for life

Passive

Muscle activity for exhalation for speech

Active, thoracic and abdominal muscles balance rib cage and diaphragm recoil.

Recoil forces (passive)

1. gravity

2. muscle relaxation

3. Tissue elasticity

What is all the air that can be used called?

Vital capacity

Relaxation pressures

Pressures generated by elastic recoil forces at different percentages of vital capacity.

Lung volumes below REL

ab muscles and internal intercostals contract pushing diaphragm further up, decreasing thoracic volume

Lung volumes above REL

Muscles of inspiration continue contracting to slow expiration for speech

Obstructive respiratory problems

Narrow or blockage of airways due to foreign body, inflammation, spasms of smooth muscle.

-Flow problem

Restrictive respiratory problems

Restrict lung expansion, loss of lung elasticity, diseases of pleura and/or chest wall, neuromuscular dysfunction

-Volume problem

ex. scoliosis, obesity

Central respiratory problems

Caused by neurological dysfunction in brainstem respiratory centers

Symptoms of respiratory disorders

dyspnea and stridor

Dyspnea

Discomfort in breathing

-mild-sever

-shortness of breath

Stridor

Audible sound occurs during inspiration and/or expiration

Example situations affecting respiration

-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

-Parkinson's disease

-Cerebral palsy

-Mechanical Ventilation

-Cervical spinal cord injury

3 unpaired cartilages

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

3 paired cartilages

arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

Extrinsic muscles

Connect larynx to external point of attachment

-Suprahyoid muscles: elevate the larynx

-Infrahyoid muscles: depress larynx

-movements happen mostly during swallowing

Intristic muscles

5 major muscles within larynx

roles=

abduct-open

adduct-close

5 major intristic muscles

1. Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

2. Lateral cricoarytenoid

3 Interarytenoid (IA)

4. Cricothyroid

5. Thyroarytenoid

Posterior cricoarytenoids (PCA)

-opening vocal folds

-ABduction

-rotates arytenoids, seperates vocal folds

ABduction vs. ADDuction

ABduction- open folds

ADDuction- close folds

Lateral cricoarytenoids

-Closes vocal folds --> adduction

-moves arytenoids forward and down

-assists in adduction

Interarytenoid (IA)

-Closes vocal folds --> adduction

-moves arytenoids together posteriorly

-transverse, oblique

Cricothyroid

-tensor (pitch changes)

-elongation of VF

-rocks thyroid forward

Thyroarytenoid

-Main mass of vocal folds

-"body" in cover-body model

-runs from anterior commissure to arytenoids

Difference between false and true vocal folds

True vocal folds produce sound through vibration, while false vocal folds act as a protective layer and have a minimum role in normal phonation

Cover of the cover-body model

-epithelium

-superficial layer of lamina propria

-least still, highly compliant

Vocal ligament of cover-body model

transition, intermediate and deep layers of lamina

-stiffer than cover

Body of cover-body model

thyroarytenoid, mostly muscle, more stiff

Glottis

-boundary of vocal folds

-changes shape

membranes

anterior 3/5

-attaches to thyroid cartilage

-vibrates to produce source of voice

cartilaginous

posterior 2/5

-attaches to arytenoid cartilages

-the portion that does not vibrate

Process of phonation

1. exhaled air is power supply

2. sound for vowels, some consonants come from vocal pitch within vibration

3. sound resonates, shaped by articulators into speech sounds

Suprasegmentals

prosody- melody, word grouping, word emphasis, intentions and emotions.

Intonation

Reflects changes in Fo over an utterance

-provides info on speaker affect

-differentiate ?'s vs statements

Fo declination

tendency of fo to decrease over the course of an utterance

What intonation does a statement have?

Falling intonation

What intonation does a yes/no question have?

Rising intonation

What intonation does a question that is not yes/no have?

Falling intonation

Stress

Intensity relative to other sounds

Syllabic stress

Amount of emphasis on segment for purpose of converying meaning

-defined by rules of lang

-emphasis on syllabic segment

-Fo higher, duration longer, intensity greater

Duration

Duration of phonemes, used to distinguish between syllables

Juncture

Pause/separation of syllables

-word boundaries