week 12, ch 11 gender

Sex refers to biological differences such as anatomy, puberty, and XX vs. XY chromosomes.

Sex

Gender refers to characteristics beyond biology, including social roles and .

Identities

Approximately % of individuals over 15 identify as non-binary (StatsCan 2021).

0.3

Beliefs about differences between men and women in cognitive, social, and behavioral domains are called .

Stereotypes

Williams & Best (1990) examined personality traits across 30 countries.

300

In Canada and the US, endorsement of gender stereotypes was over %.

90

In Nigeria, endorsement of the same stereotypes was around %.

60–65

In an online course study, students rated Dr. Martin (male) than Dr. Mitchell (female).

Higher

At 12 months, infants show no strong gender-based for toys.

Preference

By 18 months, infants gaze longer at gender- toys.

Congruent

At age 2, children express surprise at gender- behaviors.

Atypical

Parents learn gender stereotypes through exposure to statistical regularities and narrowing.

Perceptual

Mondschein et al. (2000) found that mothers underestimated girls' crawling ability and boys' attempts.

Overestimated

Actual crawling performance shows gender differences.

No significant

By ages 4–6, children form stable concepts of “boys” and “girls,” called gender .

Schemas

School-age children prefer same-gender social .

Interactions

During puberty, gender leads to increased conformity and self-consciousness.

Intensification

The belief that everyone is watching and judging you is called the imaginary .

Audience

The concept that we see ourselves through how we perceive others' views is called the -glass self.

Looking

Children learn gender concepts through observation and imitation according to cognitive theory.

Social

By age 2, children label themselves as boy or .

Girl

Between ages 4 and 5, children understand that gender is and lifelong.

Stable

Between ages 5 and 7, children recognize that gender remains constant despite changes in appearance or .

Behavior

The gender schema theory posits that children use mental to process gender information.

Frameworks

Children with clearer gender identity know more about gender- toys.

Stereotyped

Males tend to outperform females in abilities such as mental rotation.

Spatial

The common belief that girls excel in language and boys excel in reflects a gender stereotype.

Math

Traditional evolutionary view holds that men were hunters and women were .

Gatherers

Female teachers with high math anxiety can create a self-fulfilling prophecy causing female students to endorse the stereotype that boys are better at .

Math

Instrumental aggression, such as grabbing a toy by force, can be observed as early as age .

One

Hostile aggression involves unprovoked actions intended to intimidate or .

Humiliate

Reactive aggression is a response to perceived or aggression.

Provocation

Relational aggression aims to damage social .

Relationships

Early aggressive behaviors in infancy, like biting, may predict conduct disorders by age .

Three

Parenting styles involving neglect or coercion are risk factors for childhood .

Aggression

Exposure to violent media is a risk factor for increased .

Aggression

Supportive and trustworthy adults serve as protective .

Factors

Unstructured play and positive role models can protect against .

Aggression

Active intervention is necessary to prevent gender-specific .

Biases

Transgender youth often recognize a mismatch between gender identity and biological sex during .

Puberty

Non-binary individuals identify outside the traditional male/female .

Binary

“Cisgender” describes when gender identity aligns with biological .

Sex

Baby Storm’s parents withheld the baby’s sex announcement to promote freedom of .

Choice