APUSH - Chapter 32 Test - "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War"

What was the London Economic Conference?

A 66 nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates and attack global depression

What was Roosevelt's Response to the London Economic Conference? What was the result of this?

Roosevelt was to send an american delegate and Secretary of States Cordell Hull, but withdrew America from the negotiations. This strengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism.

What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934?

provided for independence of the Philippines after a 12 year period of economic and political tutelage
- U.S. agreed to relinquish its army bases but naval bases were reserved for future discussion and retention

Why did Roosevelt formally recognize the Soviet Union in 1933?

He was motivated with trade and desire to bolster the Soviet Union as a friendly counterweight to the possible threats of Japan and Germany

What happened with the US and Latin America after the non-involvement in Europe and withdrawal in Asia?

He made clear that he was going to renounce armed intervention particularly the corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

What was the Seventh Pan-American Conference?

Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, where the U.S formally endorses nonintervention - Last marines depart from Haiti in 1934 and Cuba was released from Platt Amendment

What was the Good Neighbor Policy?

A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - Stressed nonintervention in Latin America

What was an example of the Good Neighbor Policy?

When Mexican government seized Yankee oil properties in 1938, American investors demanded armed intervention but Roosevelt resisted and a settlement was threshed in 1941 despite companies losing a lot of original stake

What was the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934?

Act that reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs without Senate approval
- attacked Hawley-Smoot Tariff

What were the results of Cordell Hulls negotiations after the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934?

Succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries with resulted in foreign trade relations with Latin America and proved to be an influence for peace

Who became dictator of Russia in 1936?

Joseph Stalin - began to purge communist state of all suspected dissidents, ultimately executing hundreds of thousands and banishing millions to Siberian labor camps

Who became dictator of Italy in 1933?

Benito Mussolini, a Fascist

Who took control of Germany in 1933?

Adolf Hitler, the most dangerous of dictators

What did Hitler do when he came into power?

secured control of Nazi party by making political capital of the Treaty of Versailles and Germany's depression-spawned unemployment and withdrew Germany from League f Nations in 1933, illegally rearming

What was the Rome-Berlin Axis?

An ally between Hitler's Germany and Mussolini's Italy, signed ater both countries intervened during Franco's Spanish Civil War

What was Japan's later response to the Treaty of Versailles?

Resented in, demanding additional space for their island and gave notice in 1934 of their termination of the Washington Naval Treaty

What was the Tripartite Pact?

Japan signed this with Germany and Italy in September 1940, cementing the alliance known as the Axis Powers

What country did Mussolini attack in 1935?

Ethiopia - could've been stopped if League embargoed oil.

What was the Johnson Debt Default Act?

prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further from the United States

What were the Dictator nations also called besides the Axis?

"Have Not" Powers

What did Princeton University Students push for in 1936?

A bonus to be paid to the Veterans of Future Wars (VFW)

What is blood business and who was appointed to investigate it?

Sensational evidence to shift blame of war from German Subs to American bankers and arms manufacturers (because arms manufacturers made money, naive citizens believed they started war to make money) and was investigated by Senator Gerald Nye

What were the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 and 1937 and what did they do?

Small acts passed to prevent American Participation in a European War
- No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent

Who was General Francisco Franco?

led Spanish rebels against the left-leaning government and overthrew the Loyalist Regime

What was the Abraham Lincoln Brigade?

3 Thousand American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from Fascist General Francisco Franco

Why were some reasons for Japanese Aggression?

-Sought economic self-sufficiency
-Sough more space for its large population
--The National Origins Act (1924) banned Asians from immigrating to the U.S.
-Sought to open new foreign markets but had been economically frustrated
-Anger at the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine for refusing to recognize "Manchukuo" (Manchuria)
-1936, signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany
-1937 - Japanese militarists invasion of China. Again.

What was the Quarantine Speech?

An important speech from Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarentine" land hungry dictators, through economic embargoes

What did Japan bomb/do in December 1937 that could've started war with the United States?

Bombed and sunk the American gunboat "Panay", killing 2 and wounding 30 - Tokyo immediately apologies and pays indemnity

How does Hitler go against the Treaty of Versailles? What happens the following years

He introduced military serice, marched into the German Rhineland, persecuted and exterminated the Jewish Population and occupies Austria in March 1938 and Czechoslovakia in 1939

What was the conference in Munich, Germany, Sept 1938?

A conference where Western Democracies tried to reach settlement with Germany

What is Appeasement?

A policy followed by Britain and France at 1938 Munich Conference to avoid war by allowing Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia

What was the Hitler-Stalin Pact?

"Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" -- Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies.

What was the Start of WWII?

Hitler made war against Poland on September 1, 1939, and Britain and France declared war. Poland falls 3 weeks later. America stays neutral

What was the Neutrality Act of 1939?

This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships, "cash-and-carry"
- made to avoid war debts, allowed the President to make danger zones ships weren't allowed to enter, and protect American arms-carriers to foreign belligerents

What was the "Phony War"?

the period of time after the collapse of Poland, whcih ended when Hitler attack Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and finally France

What happened after the Fall of France?

British evacuate their forces at Dunkirk
America works to build large airfleet and navy, and sends a Conscription Law in Sept 6 1940, the first peacetime drat which was made for training each year 1.2 million troops and 800k reserves

What was the Havana Conference in 1940?

United States agreed to share with its twenty New World neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine

What was Kristallnacht?

German for "Night of Broken Glass", after a speech from Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels, where mobs ransacked more than 7 thousand Jewish shops and almost all of country's synagogues, and sent thousands to concentration camps in Nov 9, 1938

What happened to some Jewish Refugees trying to escape Germany?

They would be reused in places like Cuba and even the United States, and would end up in Europe only to get recaptured by Nazis

What was the War Refugee Board?

U.S. agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-Occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps

What happened after Hitler launches air attack on Britain in 1940?

War is raged over the British Isles, Royal Air Force postpones Hitlers future invasion of invading Britain

What did London do to try and push the United States into war?

Play radio broadcasts from London of German air raids

What was the American First Committee?

An isolationist advocaacy group formed in Sept 1940 that opposed American intervention in WWII
- proclaimed England will FIght to the last American"
-Contended that America should concentrate strength to defend its own shores
-Most effective speech maker was Colonel Charles A Lindbergh

What was the deal Roosevelt made with Britain on Sept 2, 1940?

Roosevelt transferred fifty destroyers from WWI to Britain - Britain returned by handing over 8 defensive base sites from Newfoundland to South America - remained in our control for 99 years (a violation of neutral obligations)

Who were the leading Republicans for candidency in the Election of 1940?

Senator Robert A. Tat from Ohio and Thomas E. Dewey from NY
Wendell L. Willkie ends up sweeping convention

Who was Wendell L. Willkie?

A formed democrat and head of a huge public utility corporation who opposed the New Deal's extravagances and inefficiencies
- delivered over 500 speeches

Who were the candidates in the Election of 1940?

Wendell L. Willkie vs Franklin D. Roosevelt, his third term
FDR wins.

What was the Lend-Lease Bill?

"Send Guns, Not Sons" , "Billions, Not Bodies"
- Law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defeneding itself against Axis powers - was praised for keeping America out of WWII

Who was someone who opposed the lend-lease bill?

Senator Burton Wheeler, who called it the new AAA, and Anti-Roosevelt Republicans

What ended up happening after the Lend-Lease Bill was passed?

It prompted Germany to start sinking more US Boats, like the Robin Moor in May 21 1941 in the Southern Atlantic out of the War Zone

What were the two events that marked the course of WWII?

The Fall of France, June 1940 and Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941

What was the cause of Germany turning on Soviet Union?

They didn't trust each other, complications over territorial spoils, especially the Balkans as well as Germany wanting Russia's oil and other resources

What happened as a result of Hitler's attack on the Soviet Union?

Attack on June 22 1941, America tries to aid Moscow and extends 1 billion in lend-lease to Soviet Union

What was the Atlantic Conference in August 1941?

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill secretly met with Roosevelt to discuss problems

What was the Atlantic Charter?

Meeting of Roosevelt and Churchill off coast of Newfoundland, signed outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security

What did Roosevelt end up doing in July 1941 regarding the lend lease system and cash and carry system?

Started escorting shipments as far as Iceland for Britain?

What was the result to the decision made to escort American shipments?

U-Boats began to sink Americans, first ordered only in self-defense but later starts to destroy ships
- U.S destroyer Greer trails German U-boat and is attacked, prompting Roosevelt to proclaim shoot on sight
- Destroyer Kearny loses 11 men white engaged with U-Boats
- Destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed off southwest Iceland - loss of more than 100

What happens as Americans slowly become unhappy with neutrality?

Congress pulls away from Neutrality Acts in Mid-Nov 1941
- Merchant ships could now be legally armed and enter combat zones

What were some causes leading to Japan's assault of Pearl Harbor?

- Washington imposes embargo on Japan supplies like scrap iron, steel, oil and aviation gas late 1940
- Mid 1941, Washington freezes Japanese assets in US and a cessation of all shipments
- Late 1941, negotiations of Japan clearing out of China in return of renewed trade relations

What was Japan's War Plan?

1. Take Dutch East Indies, Malaya, and Philippines to gain oil, metals and other raw materials
2. Attack on Pearl Harbor would destroy U.S. pacific fleet and keep it from interfering with its plans

What were the Japanese-U.S negotiations?

- Japan offered withdrawal from southern Indochina if the U.S. resumed economic relation with Japan
- The U.S. demanded Japanese withdrawal from Indochina AND China, Pacific, and withdrawal from Tripartite Pact

What was "Black Sunday"

December 7, 1941 - Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, killing 3 thousand and destroyed a majority of US fleet expect 3 aircraft carriers

When does the US declare war?

December 11, 1941