EXAM 3 (NRS 1)
Call Kai
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards
Knowt Play1/127
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced | Call with Kai | Chat |
|---|
No analytics yet
Send a link to your students to track their progress
128 Terms
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable environment.
What type of feedback mechanism is most common?
Negative feedback.
What does negative feedback do?
Reverses a change to restore balance.
What does positive feedback do?
Amplifies a change until an endpoint is reached.
Example of positive feedback?
Childbirth.
Major regulator of fluid output?
Kidneys.
What is fluid volume deficit?
Loss of water and electrolytes.
Another name for fluid volume deficit?
Hypovolemia.
Causes of hypovolemia?
Vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, burns, sweating.
Sign of hypovolemia?
Decreased urine output.
Nursing intervention for hypovolemia?
Replace fluids.
Best IV fluid for hypovolemia?
Isotonic solution.
What is fluid volume excess?
Excess fluid in the body.
Another name for fluid volume excess?
Hypervolemia.
Cause of hypervolemia?
Heart failure.
Sign of hypervolemia?
Edema.
Nursing intervention for hypervolemia?
Fluid restriction.
Most accurate measure of fluid status?
Daily weight.
What is an isotonic solution?
Same concentration as plasma.
Isotonic solution example?
0.9% Normal Saline.
What is a hypotonic solution?
Moves water into cells.
Hypotonic solution example?
0.45% Normal Saline.
What is a hypertonic solution?
Pulls water out of cells.
Hypertonic solution example?
3% Normal Saline.
What is a peripheral IV?
Short-term venous access.
What is a PICC line?
Long-term central venous access.
What is infiltration?
IV fluid leaks into tissue.
Signs of infiltration?
Coolness, swelling, pallor.
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein.
Signs of phlebitis?
Redness, warmth, pain.
Sign of fluid overload?
Crackles.
Purpose of packed red blood cells?
Increase oxygen-carrying capacity.
Purpose of platelets?
Treat thrombocytopenia.
Purpose of fresh frozen plasma?
Replace clotting factors.
Blood transfusion should begin within how long?
Within 30 minutes.
Blood transfusion must be completed within how long?
Within 4 hours.
First action for a transfusion reaction?
Stop the transfusion immediately.
What should be maintained after stopping the transfusion?
IV access with normal saline.
Who should be notified after a transfusion reaction?
Provider.
Common signs of a transfusion reaction?
Fever, chills, rash.
Priority concern during a transfusion reaction?
Patient safety.
Normal sodium level?
136-145 mEq/L.
Normal potassium level?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
Normal calcium level?
9-10.5 mg/dL.
Normal magnesium level?
1.3-2.1 mEq/L.
Normal phosphorus level?
3.0-4.5 mg/dL.
What is hyponatremia?
Sodium less than 135 mEq/L.
What happens to water in hyponatremia?
Water moves into cells.
Signs of hyponatremia?
Confusion, lethargy, seizures.
Nursing intervention for hyponatremia?
Fluid restriction.
What is hypernatremia?
Sodium greater than 145 mEq/L.
What happens to water in hypernatremia?
Water moves out of cells.
Signs of hypernatremia?
Neurologic changes, muscle weakness.
Nursing intervention for hypernatremia?
Increase fluid intake.
What is hypokalemia?
Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L.
Signs of hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness.
ECG change in hypokalemia?
Flattened T waves.
What is hyperkalemia?
Potassium greater than 5.0 mEq/L.
Signs of hyperkalemia?
Muscle weakness, paresthesia.
ECG change in hyperkalemia?
Peaked T waves.
Major risk of potassium imbalance?
Dysrhythmias.
What is hypocalcemia?
Calcium less than 9 mg/dL.
Sign of hypocalcemia?
Tetany.
What does a positive Chvostek sign indicate?
Hypocalcemia.
What does a positive Trousseau sign indicate?
Hypocalcemia.
What is hypercalcemia?
Calcium greater than 10.5 mg/dL.
Signs of hypercalcemia?
Weakness, decreased reflexes.
What is hypomagnesemia?
Magnesium less than 1.3 mEq/L.
Signs of hypomagnesemia?
Tremors, seizures.
What are the signs of hypermagnesemia?
Tremors, seizures.
What is hypermagnesemia?
Magnesium greater than 2.1 mEq/L.
What are the signs of hypophosphatemia?
Muscle weakness.
What is hypophosphatemia?
Phosphorus less than 3.0 mg/dL.
What is hyperphosphatemia?
Phosphorus greater than 4.5 mg/dL.
What is a common cause of hyperphosphatemia?
Kidney failure.
What is the normal pH range?
7.35-7.45.
What is the normal PaCO₂ range?
35-45 mmHg.
What is the normal HCO₃ range?
22-26 mEq/L.
What is the normal PaO₂ range?
80-100 mmHg.
What is acidosis?
pH less than 7.35.
What is alkalosis?
pH greater than 7.45.
What does PaCO₂ represent?
Respiratory system.
What does HCO₃ represent?
Metabolic system.
What does ROME stand for?
Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal.
What does high PaCO₂ indicate?
Respiratory acidosis.
What does low PaCO₂ indicate?
Respiratory alkalosis.
What does low HCO₃ indicate?
Metabolic acidosis.
What does high HCO₃ indicate?
Metabolic alkalosis.
What is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?
Hypoventilation.
What is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation.
What is a common cause of metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea or diabetic ketoacidosis.
What is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Vomiting.
What are the three phases of perioperative care?
Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative.
Who obtains informed consent?
Provider/surgeon.
What is the nurse's role with informed consent?
Witness signature and verify understanding.
What should the nurse do if the patient has questions about surgery?
Notify the provider.
What is the NPO requirement for solid foods before surgery?
At least 6 hours.
What is the NPO requirement for clear liquids before surgery?
At least 2 hours.
Why is NPO important?
Prevents aspiration.
What is a time-out procedure?
Verification of correct patient, procedure, and site before surgery.