AP Psych Sensation and Perception

the travel pattern for the eye is what

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The acronym stands for

Sclera, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, iris, lens, vitribus humor, retina, rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, thalamus, visual cortex.

What does the Sclera do?

The mostly white part of the eye

Cornea is:

Specialized transparent part of the eye.

Aqueous Humor:

fluid in cornea that keeps the eye pushed out slightly

Pupil

opening in iris, the black part of the eye

Iris

colored part of the eye that expands and contracts to allow the pupil to expand and contract

Lens

transparent, shape changing structure that focuses images on the retina

Vitrious Humor

fluid that keeps the eyeball in shape

Retina

the layer that contains photoreceptors, rods, cones, and transduces light energy

Rods

rods do not see color and are located in the retina’s periphery

Cones

sees color and is located in the middle of the retina

Bipolar Cells

they synapse with ganglion cells

Ganglion Cells

synapsed with bipolar cells to form the optic nerve

Optic Nerve

nerve connecting eye to optic chiasm

Optic Chiasm

sorts sight information

Thalamus

part of the brain that sorts and reroutes sensory information (except smell)

Visual Cortex

the part of the brain that makes sense of visual information, the last stop of the visual pathway

SO that means the pathway for vision is

Sclera, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, iris, lens, vitrious humor, retina, rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, thalamus, visual cortex

Fovea

primary focal point in the center of the retina with many cones in it

Nearsightedness is caused by

an eye that is too long and can’t see far away

Farsightedness is caused by

an eye that is too short and can’t see up close

Stigmatism is caused by

an unshaped cornea or lens

Trichromatic theory

3 cones respond to red, green, blue respectively, other colors form from these cones firing at the same time

Opponent Process theory of Vision

Color processes have an opposite (red and green for example) Cells may turn on for red but will be turned off by the color green

The acronym for hearing processes is what

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Pinna

external flap of skin and cartilage

Auditory Canal

part of outer ear along with the pinna that leads to the tympanic membrane

Timpanic Membrane

vibrates when air molecules touch it

Timpanic Membrane is also known as

the eardrum

Ossicles

3 bones set in motion by the timpanic membrane

What are the 3 ossicles called

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Malleus

vibrates from the eardrum, passes vibration to the incus

Incus

passes vibration from the malleus to the stapes

Stapes passes the vibration from the incus to the….

oval window

Cochlea

part in the inner ear that contains fluid and receptors

Oval window

part that touches the stapes

Basilar membrane

subject to pressure changes in the cochlear fluid, acts as a frequency analyzer

Hair cells

are deflected by fluid moving, which triggers neural impulses

Perilymph

the fluid that moves hair cells

auditory nerve

the nerve that connects ears to brain

thalamus

reroutes sensory info except smell

Auditory cortex

last stop, processes audio information

This makes the order…

pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, oval window, basilar membrane, hair cells, perilymph, auditory nerve, thalamus, and auditory cortex

place theory

you understand differences in pitch from stimulation of different places on your basilar membrane

frequency theory

understand difference in pitch due to the speed and the rate of neural firings

what are the basic taste qualities

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami, oleogustus

taste is called

gustation

things must be ____ to be tasted

dissolved

Taste cells are located where

in papillae

Olfactory receptors are where

the oflactory epithelium

Where does smell information go first

olfactory bulb

Somesthesis is

skin senses

Pain has different types. these types are…

thermoception, mechanoreception, nocireception

we have pain receptor cells called…

visceral, cutaneous, somatic

Visceral pain is

internal pain (organs)

somatic pain is

bone and joint pain

Cutaneous pain is

skin

Kinesthesis

the information of movement and the location of your body parts

Vestibular sense

balance and body position

Bottom up perception

sensory information first

top down perception

expectation first

Selective attention

focus on one thing while excluding other stimuli

divided attention

respond to more than one stimulus

figure ground

organize the visual field into objects that stand out from your surroundings

minimum tendency

tendency to see things in simplest form

closure

filling in missing info by closing gaps in our vision

similarity

grouping based on how similar things are to one another

proximity

grouping by how close things are to one another

continuation

smooth, continuous patterns instead of broken parts

common motion

when groups move together

symmetry

grouping symmetrically and parallel structures

binocular cues

cues we need both eyes to have

monocular cues

cues each eye has

binocular disparity

takes account of the slightly different images of each eye

convergence

how much eye muscle strain there is tells our brain about how far things are

accommodation

bulging and stretching of the eye

motion parallax

phenomenon when closer objects seem to move faster, but farther objects seem to move slower even if they are going at the same speed

texture gradient

see texture close up, not far away

linear perspective

seeing parallel lines “meet” as they get farther away

interposition

when one object is in front of another which indicates closeness

relative size

objects that are farther look smaller

relative clarity

details are clearer in closer proximity

light and shadow

lights and shadows create depth or the idea of depth

Weber’s Law

the amount of change someone will notice is proportional to the original size or intensity

signal detection theory

sensing a stimulus is influenced by our expectations and our experiences

semicurcular canals

contain hair cells and help the brain interpret balance and head position.

Feature detection

the ability to discern features like shapes, angles, etc

cocktail party effect

able to have your attention drawn to your name even when you’re in conversation or a loud environment