Grammar and Vocabulary for Grade 10

A collection of vocabulary flashcards based on the lecture notes for Grade 10 Grammar and Vocabulary.

Fossil fuel

A natural fuel such as coal or oil that was formed underground over millions of years from parts of dead animals or plants.

Renewable energy

Energy that replaces itself naturally.

Emit

To send out gas, heat, light, sound, etc.

Climate change

A permanent change in the Earth’s weather conditions.

Objection

A disapproving or opposing statement.

Alternative energy

Energy that comes from a renewable or green resource.

Coastline

The land along a coast.

Wind turbine

A building or structure with parts that turn round, used to change the power of the wind into electricity.

Rotor blade

One of the flat parts that turn around in a wind turbine.

Crisis

A time of great danger, difficulty, doubt, confusion, or suffering.

Desperately

Extremely or very much.

Contribute to

To give something, especially money or goods, to help achieve or provide something.

Run out

To use all of something and not have any more left.

Take advantage of

To make use of something well; to exploit an opportunity.

Damage

To cause physical harm to something or to part of someone’s body.

Entire

Including everything, everyone, or every part.

Drawback

A disadvantage of a situation, plan, product, etc.

Demand

A very strong request for something.

Sanctuary

An area for birds or animals where they are protected and cannot be hunted.

Logger

A person who cuts down trees for the wood industry.

Off-limits

If an area of land is off-limits, you are not allowed to enter it.

Urban sprawl

The spread of city buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside.

Alternating current (AC)

A flow of electricity that changes direction regularly and quickly.

Direct current (DC)

An electric current that flows in one direction only.

Anthracite coal

A very hard type of coal that burns slowly and produces a lot of heat with very little smoke.

Accumulator

A battery that collects and stores electricity.

Appliance

Electrical equipment, such as a cooker or washing machine, used in people’s homes.

Battery

An object that provides electricity for something such as a radio, car, clock, toy, etc.

Biodiesel

Fuel made from vegetable oil or animal fat, which can be used instead of diesel in engines.

Diesel

A type of heavy oil used instead of petrol in engines, especially in trucks, buses, and trains.

Biofuel

Fuel made from plant or animal waste.

Biomass

Plant and animal matter used to provide power or energy.

Bituminous coal

A type of coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen or asphalt.

Carbon (C)

A chemical element that exists in a pure form as diamond or graphite, and is an important part of other substances such as coal and oil.

Carbon tax

A tax on businesses and industries that produce substances with a carbon base, that can damage the environment.

Clean energy

Energy that comes from sources that do not pollute the environment.

Coal

A hard black mineral that is found below the ground and burnt to produce heat or power.

Coke

A solid black substance produced from coal and burned to provide heat.

Combustion

The process of burning.

Conservation

The protection of the natural environment.

Crude oil

Oil in its natural state, before it has been processed or refined.

Current

The flow of electricity through a wire, etc.

Dam

A special wall built across a river or stream to stop the water from flowing.

Dynamo

A device that changes energy of movement into electrical energy.

Efficiency

The difference between the amount of energy that is put into a machine in the form of fuel, effort, etc. and the amount that comes out of it.

Electric

Describing devices that run on electricity.

Electromagnetic energy

The energy that has both electrical and magnetic qualities.

Entropy

A measurement of the energy in a system or process that is not available to do work.

Erg

A unit of work or energy.

Ethanol

The type of alcohol in alcoholic drinks, which can also be used as a fuel for cars.

Flexible fuel

Refers to a type of vehicle with an engine designed to run on more than one fuel.

Flywheel

A heavy wheel that keeps a machine working at a steady speed.

Fuel cell

A device that combines two chemical elements, such oxygen and hydrogen, to produce electricity.

Furnace

A large container for a very hot fire, used to produce power, heat, or liquid metal.

Gas-turbine

An engine in which a wheel of special blades is driven round at high speed by hot gases, producing a lot of power.

Generation

The production of something, especially electricity, heat, etc.

Geothermal

Relating to the heat inside the earth.

Green energy

Energy that can be produced in a way that protects the natural environment.

High-voltage

Relating to or containing large amounts of electricity.

Horsepower

A unit for measuring the power of an engine.

Human-powered

Using energy that is produced from the human body.

Hybrid vehicle

A vehicle using two different types of power.

Hydrocarbon

A chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon.

Hydroelectric

Producing electricity by the force of fast-moving water.

Hydrogen

A chemical element that is the lightest gas.

Internal combustion engine

An engine that produces energy by burning fuel inside it.

Inverter

A device that changes direct current to alternating current.

Jet fuel

Fuel used in jet planes.

Joule

A unit for measuring energy or work.

Kilowatt

A unit for measuring electrical power, equal to 1,000 watts.

Kilowatt-hour

A unit for measuring electrical power, equal to the amount of work produced by one kilowatt in one hour.

Kinetic energy

Energy that an object or system has because it is moving.

Liquefied petroleum gas

A fuel gas that contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, used as fuel.

Magnetic energy

Energy created by the strength of a magnetic field.

Methanol

A poisonous form of alcohol formed when methane reacts with oxygen.

Mining

The act of extracting minerals like iron, coal, gold, etc. from under the ground.

Motor

A device that changes electricity or fuel into movement and makes a machine work.

Natural gas

Gas found under the ground or the sea, used as fuel.

Nuclear energy

Energy produced by splitting the nuclei of atoms.

Oil rig

A large structure on land or in the sea for obtaining oil from under the ground.

Off-the-grid

Not using the public network of electricity, gas, water, etc.

Peak oil

The time when world oil production reaches its highest rate/level.

Peat

A black substance formed from decaying plants that can be burned as fuel.

Petroleum

Oil that is found under the ground or the sea, used to produce petrol, paraffin, diesel oil, etc.

Photon

A unit of energy that carries light.

Photovoltaic

Relating to the production of electricity from light.

Power grid

A network of electricity supply wires in an area.

Potential energy

The energy that something has because of its position or state.

Preservation

The act of preserving something.

Public utility

A company that supplies essential services such as gas, water, and electricity to the public.

Radiant energy

A type of energy that can be seen as a bright light.

Renewable energy

Energy that comes from resources that can be replenished naturally.

Solar power

Energy that uses sunlight to produce electricity.

Static electricity

Electricity that is not flowing in a current, but collects on the surface of an object.

Steam engine

An engine that uses steam to produce power.

Sustainable

Able to continue without causing damage to the environment.

Thermal energy

Heat energy produced by a rise in temperature.

Tidal power

Energy that comes from the movement of the tide.

Transmission lines

Lines carrying electrical energy between generating plants and consumers.

Umami

A taste sensation that is meaty or savory.