Bio-202 CH32: gymnosperms and angiosperms (phylum)

Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

Nonvascular plants lacking stomata; single‑celled rhizoids; 4‑valved capsules; dominant gametophyte

Bryophyta (mosses)

Nonvascular plants with stomata, midrib, multicellular rhizoids, capsules with operculum and peristome teeth

Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Nonvascular plants with horn‑shaped sporophytes and a meristem at the sporophyte base

Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes)

Seedless vascular plants with microphylls; ancient tree‑sized ancestors; today small herbs

Monilophyta (ferns)

Seedless vascular plants with megaphylls, sori, and large sporophytes; gametophytes small and independent

Cycadophyta (cycads)

Gymnosperms with palm‑like leaves, large cones, and flagellated sperm; many endangered

Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)

Gymnosperms represented by one living species; fan‑shaped leaves; motile sperm; pollution‑tolerant

Coniferophyta (conifers)

Gymnosperms with needle or scale leaves; cones; dominant in cold and dry habitats; non‑motile sperm

Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)

Gymnosperms with unusual traits; includes Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia; vessel elements present

Anthophyta (angiosperms)

Flowering plants with fruits, flowers, double fertilization, and triploid endosperm