cell parts (organelles)

organelles

organs of the cell

nucleus

brain of the cell, controls activity, DNA inside stores DNA as chromatin

Nuclear membrane

separates DNA from the rest of the cell controls what goes in/out

Nucleolus 

dense core of the nucleus, produces rRNA; other RNA types 

Chromosomes

made of folded and twisted DNA, contains genetic info, have 46 in every cell

ribosomes 

outside the nucleus, makes protein, assembles amino acids 

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

highway of the cell, involved with production and transportation of biomolecules

rough ER

highway of the cell has ribosomes on it makes and ships proteins in the cell

smooth ER

No ribosomes, makes lipids, breaks down toxic substances 

golgi body/apparatus

packages ships and labels thing in the cell, proteins/lipids made by the ER are sent here to have finishing touches and sent to the rest of the cell 

vesicle

small membrane bound sacs provided by golgi body, like a bubble around the molecules, substances enclosed will be transported to other parts of the cell

lysosome

recycles substances in the cell, breaks down proteins, contains digestive enzymes  

peroxisome

like a lysosome assists in metabolic process, breaks down lipids 

vacuole

large membrane bound space stores water nutrients and waste mostly in plants to maintain tugor pressure plants have a central vacuole 

chloroplasts

uses light energy to make carbohydrates, photosynthesis = CO2+H2O - C6H12O6 + O2

mitochondria

power house of the cell used ATP from food to make energy muscles have more mitochondria, has its own set of DNA thought to once have been its own cell

C6H12O6 + O2 - CO2 + H2O

cytoskeleton

provides structure and aids in transportation

microfilaments

helps in movements used in mitosis

micotubules

used for structure and transportation framework 

centrosome

used in mitosis, made of 2 centrioles

cilia/flagella

outside the cell used for movement, cilia - short hairs  flagella - long whip like tails 

cytoplasm

jelly like fluid cells interior

cell membrane

bilipid layer surrounding the cell, is semipermiable lets good things in and keeps bad things out 

cell wall

helps support and protect the cell is another layer that helps the keep in water, is only found in plant cells helps other plant cells connect to each other, made of proteins and carbs surrounds he cell membrane 

plasma membranes 3 components

1. lipid component referred to as phospholipid bilayer 

2. protein molecules

3. cholesterol affects the fluidity of the membrane 

carbohydrate chains

contributes to the cells fingerprint, 2 G’s playa role in cellular identification 

glycolipids 

lipids with attached carbohydrate chains

glycoproteins

proteins with attached carbohydrate chains

helps body recognize foreign body’s

channel protein

allows passage of molecules through the membrane via a channel in the protein

carrier protein

substance combines with protein to be transported

receptor protein

bind with specific molecules, allows a cell to respond  to signals for one another

enzymatic protein

carry out metabolic reactions directly

junction proteins

attach adjacent cells

cell signaling

signaling molecules allow cells to communicate with one another

cell signaling step 1

bonding of the receptor protein

cell signaling step 2

transaction

cell signaling step 3

respond

concentration gradient

molecules flowing from high to low concentration 

what do polar molecules need to move in and out of the cell

channel/carrier proteins

aquaporins

allows water and other substances to move across the membrane, channels proteins that speed up the transport of water 

facilitated transport

movement of ions/polar molecules across the membrane

active transport

some molecules must move against the concentration gradient 

bulk transport

allows large particles to enter/exit the cell

exocytosis

outside the cell, vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and secure contents

endocytosis

inside the cell, cells engulf a substance which becomes a vessicale

passive transport

when cells play no active role or use any energy to transport molecules

solution 

a substance (solute) dissolved in a liquid (solovent)

diffusion

net movement of molecules down a concentrated gradient, molecules move both ways along the gradient but net movement is high to low concentration 

equlibrium

when net movement stops solute concentration is uniform 

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectivley permeable membrane 

osmotic pressure

the pressure that develops due to osmosis

osmotic balence

equilbrium of water, cell wants

tonicity

the strength of the osmotic solution

hypotonic solution

concentration of water is greater outside the cell, cells placed in this solution will swell

hypertonic solution 

more water inside the cell than inside the cell, cells placed in the solution will shrink

isotomic solution

concentration of solute is equal in and out of the cell, where the cell wants to be

facilitated diffusion

movement of cells that cannot pass directly through the membrane 

Active transport

movement of cells against the concentration gradient, movement facilitated by specific carrier proteins, requires the use of energy in form of ATP

phagocytosis

large solid material taken in (eaten)

pinocytosis

vesicles form around a small liquid particle (drinking)

receptor mediatedcytosis

specific form of pinocytosis using receptor proteins and a coated pit more selective and efficent