blood and respiratory anatomy and physiology

Where does gas exchange between air and the lungs occur?

alveoli

what muscles does forced expiration use

abdominal and internal intercostals

Peripheral chemoreceptors sense

O2, CO2, and H+

Central chemoreceptors sense

CO2 and H+

Emphysema can lead to

acidosis

Asthma can lead to

alkalosis

Panic attack can lead to

alkalosis

Hyperventilating leads to

alkalosis

Conducting portion

nose to terminal bronchioles

Respiratory portion

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Respiratory defense system

Alveolar macrophages, mucus, ciliated epithelia

What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

respiratory mucosa

Paired cartilages

arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate

Unpaired cartilages

thyroid and cricoid

Describe the glottis structure

vocal folds, ligaments, and rima glottidis

Phonation

production of sound through vocal folds

Articulation

movements of mouth and tongue to produce speech

C-shaped trachea cartilage function

structural support, prevents collapse, allows for movement while swallowing

Right bronchus

wider, steeper angle, shorter, frequent path for foreign objects

Left bronchus

thinner, less steep angle, longer

Pleurae

serous membrane sacs that reduce friction

Surfactant function

prevents sticking, allows alveoli to inflate

What cells secrete surfactant?

Pneumocyte II

Bronchodilation caused by?

Sympathetic nervous system

Bronchoconstriction caused by?

Parasympathetic nervous system

True vocal cords?

vocal folds

Vestibular ligaments

prevent foreign objects from entering glottis

What are tracheal cartilage connected by?

trachealis

Order of air conduction?

trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, pulmonary lobules

Normal blood pH?

7.4

hypocapnia

low PCO2 in blood

hypercapnia

high PCO2 in blood

Acidotic

high H+ in blood

Hypercapnia can lead to

Acidosis

Hypocapnia can lead to

Alkalosis

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors

Aorta and carotid

How is CO2 transported in blood

Converted to carbonic acid, bound to Hb, or dissolved in plasma

Ventral respiratory group

contains rhythm generators that drive respiration

Dorsal respiratory group

integrates sensory input and modifies rhythms

Phrenic nerve

C3-5, controls breathing

Voluntary control of breathing

Motor neurons activate diaphragm and chest muscles

Involuntary control of breathing

Chemoreceptors monitor CO2, O2, and H+, ANS and brain stem regulate

Where are the central chemoreceptors

Brain stem

Hemopoiesis

production of blood

Where does blood come from?

pluripotent stem cells

Anemia

low number of RBCs and Hb

What stimulates the production of RBCs

Erythropoietin and androgens

blood doping

exposing body to low O2

Neutrophils

phagocytosis of bacteria and antimicrobial chemicals

Eosinophils

phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complex and allergens, parasitic worms

Basophils

histamine and heparin, immune response

lymphocytes

specific immunity and immune memory

monocytes

macrophages, phagocytosis

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Platelet function?

form plug during clotting

What role does fibrin play in clotting?

forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets

Vascular phase

smooth muscle contractions cause vasoconstriction

platelet phase

platelets release chemicals causing other platelets to become sticky, forming plug

Coagulation phase

fibrin mesh traps RBCs and platelets, forming a clot

CO2 and O2 exchange occurs by

simple diffusion

law stating gas volume is inversely proportional to its pressure

boyles law

primary force responsible for moving air into lungs

atmospheric pressure

air moves out of lungs when pressure inside lungs is

greater than atmosphere

during expiration thoracic volume

decreases