AP Chapter 11: The Efferent System - ANS

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21 Terms

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Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary control of Skeletal Muscles

<p>Voluntary control of <strong><em>Skeletal Muscles</em></strong></p>
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Involuntary control of visceral effectors (organs)

  • Smooth muscles, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes

<p>Involuntary control of <strong><em>visceral effectors </em></strong>(organs)</p><ul><li><p>Smooth muscles, glands, cardiac muscle, adipocytes</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Hypothalamus contains __________ centers

Integrative (Reflex Actions)

  • Neurons comparable to upper motor neurons in the SNS (Skeletal Muscles)

<p>Integrative (Reflex Actions)</p><ul><li><p>Neurons comparable to upper motor neurons in the SNS (Skeletal Muscles)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Two Subdivisions of the ANS

Sympathetic Branch (“Fight-or-Flight”)

Parasympathetic Branch (“Rest-and-Digest)

<p>Sympathetic Branch (“Fight-or-Flight”)</p><p>Parasympathetic Branch (“Rest-and-Digest)</p>
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<p>What responses do hypothalamic and Somatic/Visceral sensory neurons?</p>

What responses do hypothalamic and Somatic/Visceral sensory neurons?

The hypothalamus, pons, and medulla initiate:

  • autonomic

  • endocrine

  • behavioral responses.

<p>The hypothalamus, pons, and medulla initiate:</p><ul><li><p>autonomic</p></li><li><p>endocrine</p></li><li><p>behavioral responses. </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Antagonistic Control

Goes against the branch in action

  • One autonomic branch is excitatory

  • The other branch is inhibitory

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What are some exceptions to dual antagonist control?

Sweat glands and smooth muscles in most blood vessels

  • Only sympathetic innervation; tonic control

Cooperative Control

  • Work on different tissues to achieve common goal

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Sympathetic Branch

Fight or Flight

  • Dominates in stressful situations

    • Ex. Controls blood flow to the tissues, provides energy for escape

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Parasympathetic Branch

Rest or digest

  • Dominates in times of calm and rest

    • Ex. Relaxes the muscles, reduces respiration, slows down heart rate

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Preganglionic Neuron

Originates in the CNS and projects to an autonomic ganglion

  • Later synapses with the postganglionic neuron

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Postganglionic Neuron

Cell body in autonomic ganglion and projects its axon to the target tissue

  • Synapses with target cell

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Ganglion

A cluster of nerve cell bodies that lie outside the CNS

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Acetylcholine

Binds to cholinergic nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

  • Stimulates action potentials in the postganglionic neuron then goes into the skeletal muscles

  • Inside the parasympathetic division

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Norepinephrine

Binds to adrenergic receptors

  • Inside the sympathetic division

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Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Chemically gates ion channels with two binding sites for ACh

  • Parasympathetic

    • ionotropic, ions channels for Na+ and K+

<p>Chemically gates ion channels with two binding sites for ACh</p><ul><li><p><strong>Parasympathetic</strong></p><ul><li><p> ionotropic, ions channels for Na+ and K+</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors

Ach Neurotransmitters

  • Where most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete ACh onto

    • Metabotropic, GPCR (Location: smooth muscles, glands, autonomic division of CNS/PNS

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Adrenal Medulla

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones into the blood

  • Releases large amounts of epinephrine (fight or flight response)

  • Controlled by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

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B1-receptors

Respond equally strongly to norepinephrine and epinephrine

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B2-receptors

Sensitive to epinephrine than to norepinephrine

  • Not innervated (No sympathetic neurons terminate near them, limits exposure to norepinephrine)

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B3-receptors

Found primarily on adipose tissue

  • Innervated and more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine

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