Bio Ch. 6
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Last updated 12:35 PM on 3/11/25
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43 Terms
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Photosynthesis
The process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
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Photosynthesis Equation
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
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Chloroplasts
Organelles where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells.
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Importance of Photosynthesis
Forms the basis of the food chain and produces the oxygen we breathe.
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Cellular Respiration
Process that breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP.
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Cellular Respiration Equation - Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
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Mitochondrial matrix
Cell organelles where cellular respiration takes place.
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Significance of Cellular Respiration
Critical for providing energy required for cellular processes and maintaining life.
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Oxygen in Breathing
Supplies O₂ to cells for cellular respiration and generates ATP.
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The energy currency of cells, produced during cellular respiration.
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Energy from Food
Food such as sugars, fats, and proteins serves as fuel for cellular activities.
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Main Fuel in Cellular Respiration
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is the primary fuel utilized.
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Glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Processes pyruvate to release CO₂ and produce ATP and electron carriers.
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Produces 28 ATP by using electrons from NADH and oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
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How ATP is Made
ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the Electron Transport Chain.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in muscle cells, producing lactic acid, and is involved in food production.
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Carried out by yeast, producing ethanol and CO₂, central to brewing and baking.
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Importance of Fermentation
Provides energy during anaerobic conditions when oxygen is low.
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Fats in Energy Production
Broken down into fatty acids that enter the citric acid cycle.
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Proteins as Fuel
Split into amino acids that can enter cellular respiration pathways.
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Feedback Inhibition
Adaptive process where excess amino acids downregulate metabolic pathways to conserve resources.
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Homeostasis and Energy Use
The body's mechanism to maintain efficient energy usage based on supply and demand.
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ATP Synthase
Enzyme that drives the synthesis of ATP using the flow of H+ ions.
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Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) in Photosynthesis
A reactant that is converted into glucose during photosynthesis.
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Water (H₂O) in Photosynthesis
A reactant that is utilized alongside CO₂ to produce glucose in photosynthesis.
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Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) in Cellular Respiration
The molecule that is broken down during cellular respiration to release energy.
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NADH in Cellular Respiration
An electron carrier produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
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Oxygen (O₂) in Cellular Respiration
A reactant that acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
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Pyruvate in Cellular Respiration
The product of glycolysis that enters the citric acid cycle.
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Heat in Cellular Respiration
The energy dissipated as heat during the metabolic processes.
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ATP Production Yield
Cellular respiration captures approximately 34% of the energy in glucose.
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Glucose Metabolism
The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP during respiration.
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Role of Chlorophyll
Captures sunlight essential for photosynthesis in chloroplasts.
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Waste Products of Cellular Respiration
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are produced as by-products.
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Anaerobic Conditions
Environment in which cells can generate energy without oxygen, via fermentation.
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Glucose Breakdown
The metabolic process where glucose is oxidized to release energy.
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Energy Conservation
The body's ability to regulate energy use to maintain function and efficiency.
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Thermoregulation and Body Warmth
Heat produced during cellular respiration aids in maintaining body temperature.
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Fermented Food Products
Foods like yogurt and cheese that are produced through fermentation processes.
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Yeast Fermentation
The process where yeast converts sugars into alcohol and CO₂.
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Muscle Soreness
A result of lactic acid buildup during lactic acid fermentation.
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Chloroplasts vs. Mitochondria
Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis; mitochondria are sites of cellular respiration.
Flashcards (125)