Chapter_7

Cultural Syncretism

The blending of different cultural practices and beliefs into a cohesive tradition, often seen in religious contexts.

Virgin of Guadalupe

A significant symbol in Mexican culture, representing the fusion of indigenous Mexican and European Catholic traditions.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement initiated by Martin Luther in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestantism, breaking away from the Catholic Church.

Scientific Revolution

A period in the early modern era characterized by advances in scientific thought and methods, challenging traditional ideas about the cosmos and knowledge.

Martin Luther

A German priest whose Ninety-Five Theses challenged Catholic Church practices and initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Catholic Reformation

The period of religious reform initiated by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at correcting abuses and reaffirming church doctrines.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order founded in the 16th century focused on education, missionary work, and the Catholic Reformation.

Wahhabi Movement

An Islamic reform movement initiated in the 18th century by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, aiming to return to what he viewed as pure Islamic practices.

Bhakti Movement

A devotional trend in Hinduism that promoted personal devotion to God and rejected caste distinctions, often bridging Hindu and Muslim traditions in India.

Neo-Confucianism

A revival of Confucian thought during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China, integrating Buddhist and Daoist ideas into traditional Confucianism.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 18th century emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, leading to new ideas about governance and society.

Cofradias

Church-based associations in colonial Mexico that organized community festivals and provided social support, blending indigenous and Catholic practices.

Taki Onqoy

A religious revivalist movement in 16th-century Peru that resisted Spanish colonization by predicting the return of Andean gods to defeat the Christian God.

Sikism

A religious tradition that emerged in the Punjab region, founded by Guru Nanak, emphasizing equality, community, and a blend of Hindu and Muslim teachings.

Scientific Inquiry

The systematic study and investigation of the natural world based on evidence, observation, and experimentation, key to the Scientific Revolution.

Lutheranism

A major branch of Protestant Christianity that follows the teachings of Martin Luther, emphasizing justification by faith alone.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian astronomer and mathematician whose observations and support for heliocentrism contributed to the Scientific Revolution.

Humanism

A Renaissance cultural movement that emphasized human potential and achievements, influencing the development of modern science and philosophy.

Islamization

The process of a society adopting Islam, often incorporating existing beliefs and practices with Muslim customs.

Confucianism

A philosophical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing ethics, family loyalty, and proper governance.

Expansion of Christianity

The growth of Christianity as a global religion during the early modern era, facilitated by European colonization and missionary efforts.