GIT

Which nerve carry sensory signals from pharyngeal trigger points?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A 70-year old man with difficulty swallowing solids and liquids. Slow peristalsis is detected. Which of the following is an aging related disease?

Tertiary peristalsis

A doctor wants to explain the intestinal law of starling. Which sentence best explains it?

Food moves from oral to aboral direction

A patient with duodenal ulcer has impaired ability to neutralize acid. Which structure is mainly responsible for secreting bicarbonate?

Brunner’s glands

Which cell in gastric glands is mainly responsible for secreting stomach acid?

Parietal cell

A pharmacological company is testing a new duodenal motility drug that increases the amplitude of slow waves. Which effect is expected to be seen?

Increased frequency of spike potentials causing a stronger concentration

Which drug acts as a motillin agonist causing prokinesis?

Erythromycin

A patient with peptic ulcer is prescribed a proton pump inhibitor. Which drug was prescribed?

Rabeprazole

Which statement is correct about vonoprazan?

Potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB)

A patient with hyperacidity was diagnosed with H. pylori. Which treatment is preferred for eradication?

Pantoprazole+amoxicillin+clarithomycin

Patient had watery diarrhea and abdominal discomfort. Stool test was positive for Salmonella species. Otherwise patient was stable and suffered no complications. Which treatment is preferred?

Supportive oral rehydration therapy

A patient with blood diarrhea and abdominal symptoms was diagnosed with campylobacteriosis. Which drug is preferred in this patient?

Erythromycin

Which treatment is used in pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Oral vancomycin

Patient with metabolic syndrome and dysbiosis. Which microbiome change is associated dysbiosis?

Increased Clostridium and Firmicutes, decreased Lactobacillus

A 70-year-old patient with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) fails multiple antibiotic treatments. The infectious disease specialist recommends fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). What is the primary goal of this therapy?

Restore gut microbiome diversity and competitive exclusion

A patient had epigastric pain was diagnosed with H. pylori. Physician wants to find the prognosis and cancer risk. Which test is most suitable?

PCR for detecting CagPAI and VacA genes

Patient was diagnosed with H. pylori infection. Triple therapy was given but patient didn’t improve. Which bacterial genetic mutations contribute to clarithomycin resistance?

A2142G and A2143G genes in 23SrRNA

A patient with epigastric pain was positive for urea breath test. Treatment was given, physician wanted to assess if full eradication is achieved. Which test is most sensitive?

Urea breath test

Which virulence factor in H. pylori is mainly responsible for bacterial survival within the stomach?

Urease

A group of teenagers returned from a trip where they all ate the same food. Food wasn’t well handled and all of the group got infected and had gastroenteritis symptoms. Which virus is mainly responsible for the outbreak?

Norovirus

A patient had bloody diarrhea. He reported a history of barbecue and eating undercooked hamburgers. Which bacteria is the cause?

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Patient consumed raw milk and presented with symptoms of pseudoappendicitis. Which bacteria is the cause?

Yersinia enterocolitica

Patient presents with watery diarrhea and abdominal symptoms. Patient has a recent history of antibiotic use for UTI. Which bacteria is the cause of these symptoms?

Clostridium difficile

Which feature is seen in marasmus compared to kwashiorkor?

Severe muscle wasting

Patient overeats then induces self vomiting. Patient feels guilty after eating fasts and exercise excessively. What is the diagnosis?

Bulimia nervosa

Patient suffers from weight gain, cold intolerance, and fatigue. Which hormone imbalance is the cause of altered BMR in this patient?

Thyroid hormones

A subject consumes 300 grams of carbohydrates, 100 grams of protein, 150 grams of fat. Calculate the total calories ingested?

2950kcal

Child suffers from diarrhea and bloating after eating diary products. Which enzyme is deficient in intestinal brush border cells that cause these symptoms?

Lactase

A child presents with chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea, and failure to thrive. Further examination shows retinitis pigmentosa. Which mutation is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

Deficiency in apoB48 caused by MTP mutation

Patient with history of chewing tobacco present with a white lesion on the hard palate that can’t be scrapped off. Histology shows a variety of epithelial changes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Leukoplakia

A 65-year old female presents with a mass under the ear at the angle of the jaw. Removal of the mass reveals epithelial ductal cells within islands of chondroid matrix. What is the diagnosis?

Pleomorphic adenoma

A 57-year old patient with one year history of epigastric pain. Endoscopy was done and histology of biopsy revealed basal zone hyperplasia, elongation of lamina propria papilla, and intraepithelial eosinophils with few neutrophils. What is the diagnosis?

Reflux esophagitis

A patient with recent history of weight loss, hematemesis, and dysphagia. Endoscopy reveals a mid-esophageal ulcerated mass. What is the diagnosis?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What is the most common cause of duodenal ulcer?

H. pylori infection

Endoscopy reveals a bulky elevated mass with heaped-up borders and central ulceration (picture of intestinal-type adenocarcinoma). What is the diagnosis?

Adenocarcinoma

Patient presents with diarrhea and bloating. Biopsy reveals villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and intraepithelial lymphocytosis. What is the diagnosis?

Celiac disease

Examination of a patient reveals sessile serrated adenoma. What is a feature of this finding?

No dysplastic changes but it still have a malignant transformation potential

A 19 year old patient went for genetic testing after discovering a colonic tumor in one of his relatives, picture of relative’s tumor is given (Familial adenomatous polyposis picture). Which genetic mutation is expected to be seen?

APC

Patient with peritoneal mass and ascites is diagnosed with desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Which statement is correct about this tumor?

Aggressive tumor seen in young patients

Patient complains of loss of taste sensation in the anterior aspect of the tongue. Which nerve is possibly damaged and has led to this presentation?

Chorda tympani

Which nerve is at risk of injury during parotidoctomy?

Facial nerve

Patient is unable to open there mouth after a stab wound. Which muscle is paralyzed in this patient?

Lateral pterygoid

Patient presented with hemorrhage in the rectus sheath. Bleeding is happening from which vessels?

Inferior epigastric artery and vein

Which cells secrete antimicrobial peptides?

Paneth cells

A patient with increased accumulation of peritoneal fluid (ascites) performs a CT scan which shows fluid in morrison’s pouch (hepatorenal pouch). Through which part of peritoneal cavity does the fluid pass before reaching the hepatorenal pouch?

Right paracolic gutter

A mass is compressing the bile duct at its termination. Which part of the duodenum might be affected by the mass?

2nd part of duodenum

A child with bleeding per rectum. Nuclear scan with technetium revealed a diverticulum located 2 feet before the ileocecal junction and that is 2 inches long. Which type of cells form the diverticulum?

Gastric

A patient was found to have a posterior erosion in the fundus of the gallbladder with gallbladder stones. Which part of colon does this stone enter first?

Transverse colon

A 20-week gestation scan revealed an intestinal mass extending from the abdomen that is membrane bound. What is the diagnosis?

Omphalocele

Which structure is derived from ventral mesogastrium?

Lesser omentum