FMSC UNIT 1 Study

what is health

Defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

PACES

Acronym summarizing core values that guide global health.

Population Health

Encompasses health outcomes and determinants of health in groups at various levels (community, national, global).

Determinants of Health

Factors influencing health status, including biological, behavioral, social, environmental, and political elements.

Individual Behaviors

Contribute to health risks but are influenced by community resources.

Population-based Interventions

Enable individuals to adopt healthier behaviors, improving community health outcomes.

Prevention Science

Studies effective preventive health interventions and their scalability.

Implementation Science

Focuses on increasing the uptake of evidence-based practices after identifying effective interventions.

Primary Prevention

Protective actions to prevent adverse health events from occurring.

Secondary Prevention

Early detection of health problems in asymptomatic individuals for easier treatment.

Tertiary Prevention

Interventions to reduce impairment and restore function in individuals with health problems.

Exposure

Personal characteristics or behaviors that may change the likelihood of developing a health condition.

Risk Factor

An exposure that increases the likelihood of experiencing a particular health outcome.

Nonmodifiable Risk Factor

A risk factor that cannot be changed, such as age or genetics.

Modifiable Risk Factor

A risk factor that can be avoided or mitigated.

Health Transition

A shift in the health status of a population, often linked to socioeconomic development.

Risk Transition

A shift from risks associated with undernutrition and infections to those linked with chronic diseases.

Health Disparity

An avoidable difference in health status between population groups.

Global Health History

The evolution of health practices and policies influenced by transportation and international relations.

Globalization

The process of countries becoming more integrated, affecting health transitions positively and negatively.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Eight goals aimed at reducing global poverty and improving health from 2000 to 2015.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Seventeen goals established to end poverty and promote prosperity by 2030.

Vital Statistics

Population-level data on births, deaths, and life events used for health assessments.

Mortality Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population during a specified time.

Morbidity

The presence of nonfatal illness or disease in a population.

Years of Life Lost (YLLs)

A metric quantifying population-level reductions in health status due to premature mortality.

Years Lived with Disability (YLDs)

A metric quantifying reductions in health status attributable to nonfatal conditions.

Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A metric combining YLLs and YLDs to assess overall health loss in a population.

Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)

A metric representing the additional duration and quality of life from effective health interventions.

Global Burden of Disease (GBD)

A project quantifying the epidemiologic profiles of countries worldwide.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

An individual's standing in society based on income, education, and other factors.

Social Determinants of Health

Conditions affecting health access and outcomes, summarized by the acronym PROGRESS.

Health Equity

The principle that everyone should have an equal opportunity to be healthy.

Prejudice

Preconceived notions about individuals based on their sociocultural group.

Discrimination

Actions taken against individuals due to their group membership.

Indigenous Population

Groups maintaining unique cultural traditions after colonization.

International Migrant

A person who has moved across an international border to reside in a new country.

Refugee

A person forced to move across borders due to security concerns.

Governance

Processes enabling governments to set policies and protect human rights.

Maternal Mortality

Death of a woman from pregnancy-related causes during or shortly after childbirth.