Bio Final

Biogenesis

Life comes from pre-existing life (Louis Pasteur's experiment)

Abiogenesis

The original evolution of life from non-living matter.

Miller-Urey Experiment

Showed organic molecules (amino acids) could form from inorganic precursors.

Prokaryotic Cells

No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria, archaea).

Eukaryotic Cells

Have nucleus and organelles (e.g., animals, plants, fungi, protists).

Nucleus

Contains DNA, controls cell activities

Mitochondria

Produces energy (ATP) via cellular respiration

Ribosomes

Synthesizes proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough/Smooth)

Protein (RER) and lipid (SER) synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages, ships proteins

Lysosomes

Digests waste and foreign material

Chloroplasts (plants only)

Photosynthesis

Vacuoles

Storage (large central in plants)

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters/exits the cell

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nuclear envelope disappears.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the cell equator

Anaphase

Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles

Telophase

New nuclear membranes form; chromosomes uncoil.

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells

Homeostasis

Maintaining internal balance (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose).

Membrane Transport:
Passive (no energy)

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Membrane Transport:

Active(requires ATP)

Endocytosis, exocytosis, protein pumps

Base-pairing rules

(A=T, C≡G) ensure accurate replication

DNA Structure

Double helix, nucleotide bases (A, T, C, G)

Gene

Segment of DNA coding for a protein

Transcription

DNA → mRNA in the nucleus

Translation

mRNA → Protein in the ribosome using tRNA

Genotype

Genetic makeup (e.g., Aa, BB)

Phenotype

Physical traits (e.g., blue eyes)

Homozygous

Same alleles (AA or aa)

Heterozygous

Different alleles (Aa)