Ethics, HIPAA, and Healthcare Consent Overview

Ethics

The principles of right and wrong that guide decision-making in healthcare.

Major Component of HIPAA

Privacy Rule - It protects patients' personal health information and gives them control over it.

Who must follow HIPAA

All healthcare providers, insurance companies, and healthcare clearinghouses.

Privileged Information

Any information related to a patient's diagnosis, treatment, medical history, personal information, and billing details.

Elements of Informed Consent

Explanation of procedure/treatment, Risks and benefits, Alternatives, Consequences of not receiving the treatment, Voluntary agreement by a competent individual.

Who cannot give informed consent

Minors (under 18, unless emancipated), Mentally incompetent individuals, Unconscious patients, Individuals under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

Questionable Research Experiments

Nazi doctors: Performed deadly and unethical experiments on POWs during WWII (Nuremberg Trials).

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Poor African-American men were not treated for syphilis so researchers could study the disease's progression.

Willowbrook Study

Disabled children were intentionally infected with hepatitis to study the disease.

Radiation Experiments

Poor and cognitively impaired individuals were exposed to radiation without consent.

Ethical Concepts

Autonomy: Right of patients to make decisions about their care. Beneficence: Do good; treatment benefits should outweigh risks. Justice: Fair and equal treatment for all patients.

Advance Directives

Living Will: States the medical treatments a person wants or doesn't want if they become unable to communicate.

Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare

Names a person to make medical decisions on someone's behalf.

10 Parts of General Assessment

Physical appearance, Level of consciousness, Vital signs, Height and weight, Body structure, Behavior, Skin condition, Mobility, Speech, Pain level.

Physical Observations

Inspection: Visual examination, Auscultation: Listening to body sounds (usually with a stethoscope), Palpation: Using hands to feel the body, Percussion: Tapping to assess underlying structures.

Four Vital Signs

Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, Blood pressure.

Temperature

The body's balance between heat produced and lost.

5 Locations for Taking Temperature

Oral, Rectal, Axillary (armpit), Tympanic (ear), Temporal (forehead).

Average Oral Temperature

97.6 - 99.6°F.

Average Rectal Temperature

99.6 - 100.6°F.

Instruments for BP

Sphygmomanometer, Stethoscope.

Systolic Pressure

Pressure when the heart contracts.

Diastolic Pressure

Pressure when the heart rests.

Normal Systolic Range

100-130 mm Hg

Normal Diastolic Range

60-90 mmHg.

Hypertension

Systolic >130 or Diastolic >80.

Hypotension

Systolic <90.

Normal Respiration Rates

Adults: 12-20 breaths/min, Children: 16-30 breaths/min, Infants: 30-60 breaths/min.

Adult Pulse Rate

60-100 bpm.

Pulse Points

Carotid: neck (used in CPR), Radial: wrist (most used in office), Femoral: groin, Popliteal: behind the knee, Brachial: inside of arm (used for BP), Temporal: side of forehead, Dorsalis Pedis: top of the foot.

Pain Measurement

Pain scale (0-10), facial expressions, and pain descriptors.

Development

Emotional, psychological, intellectual, and social changes.

Physical Development

Body and motor skills.

Social/Emotional Development

Relationships, emotions.

Cognitive Development

Thinking, reasoning.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's stage during Infancy.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson's stage during Toddlerhood.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's stage during Preschool.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage during School Age.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's stage during Adolescence.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage during Young Adulthood.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage during Middle Adulthood.

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's stage during Older Adulthood.

Erikson's Belief

People move through stages across the lifespan, each with a conflict to resolve for healthy development.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological (food, water), Safety (shelter, security), Love/Belonging (relationships), Esteem (respect, confidence), Self-actualization (fulfilling potential).

Maslow's Belief

Basic needs must be met before higher-level growth can occur.

Bad Carbohydrates

Refined sugars and white flour (junk food).

Importance of Fiber

Aids digestion, prevents constipation, lowers cholesterol.

Testes

Produce sperm and testosterone.

Scrotum

Holds testes.

Urethra

Tube for urine and sperm.

Epididymis

Stores sperm.

Vas deferens

Transport sperm.

Prostate

Adds fluid to semen.

Ovaries

Produce eggs and estrogen.

Uterus

Houses fetus.

Fallopian Tubes

Carry egg.

Ovum

Female sex cell.

Sperm

Male sex cell.

Fertilization

Sperm + egg.

Zygote

Fertilized egg.

Embryo

Implantation to 8 weeks.

Fetus

8 weeks to birth.

Neonate

Newborn.

Miscarriage

Loss before 20 weeks.

Stillbirth

Loss after 20 weeks.

Placenta

Exchange of nutrients.

Amniotic Sac

Protects fetus.

PMS

Hormonal symptoms before menstruation.

Chlamydia

Bacterial STD, often no symptoms.

PID

Infection of reproductive organs.

Gonorrhea

Bacterial STD.

Syphilis

Bacterial STD with stages.

Trichomonas

Parasitic STD.

HPV

Virus causing warts/cancer.

Genital Herpes

Virus causing sores.

HIV/AIDS

Attacks immune system.

Most common STD

HPV.

OAG (Office of the Attorney General)

State agency for child support.

Noncustodial Parent

Doesn't have primary custody; pays child support.

Custodial Parent

Lives with and cares for child.

Biological Father

Genetic father.

Alleged Father

Named as father, not legally confirmed.

Presumed Father

Married to mother at/within 300 days of birth.

Acknowledged Father

Signed AOP (Acknowledgment of Paternity).

Child Support

Money paid for child's needs.

Net Income

After taxes.

Gross Income

Before taxes.

myel/o

Spinal cord or bone marrow.

hyster/o

Uterus.

my/o

Muscle.

scoli/o

Crooked or curved (spine).

ligament/o

Ligament.

Esophag/o

Esophagus.

burs/o

Bursa (sac of fluid near joints).

Epithel/o

Skin or epithelium.

Enter/o

Intestines.

oste/o

Bone.

cost/o

Rib.

gynec/o

Female.