development dynamics

What are 4 factors to consider when measuring development?

1. Economic

   • income

2. Physical well-being

   • access to clean water

3. Mental well-being

   • freedom

4. Social

   • access to education

What are economic indicators of development?

• GDP

• HDI

What are political indicators of development?

• Is it well governed?

• Is it free speech?

• Is there corruption?

What causes of global inequality?

1. Historical

   • colonialism and neo-colonialism

2. Economic

   • government

3. Social

   • education + health

4. Environmental

   • climate

What are the 5 stages of Rostow’s modernisation theory?

1. The traditional society

2. Pre-conditions for take off

3. Take-off

4. Drive to maturity

5. High mass consumption

What are the problems with Rostow’s modernisation theory?

1. Assumes all countries start at the same level of development

2. Doesn’t consider the quality or quantity of a country’s resources, population or climate

3. Out of date

What is Frank’s dependency theory?

Idea that developing countries can’t develop because they are dependent on developed countries

• Developed countries exploit developing countries

What are problems with Frank’s dependency theory?

• Outdated

• Doesn’t take into account factors which may limit development

What is top-down development?

• Large-scale projects that aim at national level development

• Very expensive projects often funded by intentional development banks

• Sophisticated technology that needs experts

What is bottom up development?

• Local-scale projects that aim to benefit a village/small group of communities

• Very cheap compared to top-down, but usually funded by the village itself

• Straightforward technology that local people can learn to operate + repair

What has trade connections between countries led to?

• Interdependence

• Countries trade because one country has something the other doesn’t

What is an NGO?

• Non governmental organisations

What is an IGO?

Intergovernmental organisation

• simple technology that local people can operate themselves

What are the advantages + disadvantages of NGO led intermediate technology?

Advantages:

• Targeted at specific needs of local people

• Generates jobs among local people

Disadvantages:

• Governments often rely on NGOs instead of developing their own systems

• Lack of data (not as accountable as IGOs)

What are advantages + disadvantages of IGO-funded large infrastructure?

Advantages:

• Can access very large sums of money

• Large infrastructure developments

Disadvantages:

• High-tech solutions can be costly to maintain

• Many local people may not actually benefit (eg. having to move)

What is neo-colonialism?

Less-developed countries are still indirectly controlled by superpowers through economic, cultural or political methods

How does a GIS cyclone track map help countries prepare for tropical storms?

Shows intensity of wind speed (1) so measures can be put into place to evacuate people (1)

Advantages of developments led by NGOs?

• Local needs are met (1) improving quality of life (1) and directly addressing local needs (1)

• Low cost (1) more affordable to poorer communities (1) avoiding the need to take out loans (1)

Disadvantages of developments led by NGOs?

• Small scale (1) so they only focus on specific areas (1)

• Communities rely on NGOs instead of improving their own governmental systems

How does HDI measure the health of a population?

Measures life expectancy (1) average number of years a person is expected to live (1)

How does topography affect development?

Makes growing crops difficult (1) as farm vehicles cannot operate well (1) reducing income (1)

What are 2 disadvantages of chloropleth maps?

1. Shows sudden changes in the area rather than gradual—unrealistic data

2. Assumes the whole area has the same value (overlooks variations within the area)

Reasons why FDI changes?

• Reducing import tariffs (1) so companies from ___ are encouraged to invest in the country (1)

• FDI increases (1) as TNCs look to take advantage of cheaper labour

• FDI increases (1) as (country)’s coastal ports make it easy to export goods

Explain 2 ways economic development can lead to water pollution?

• Disposal of rubbish in rivers (1) can release chemicals into water sources (1)

• Industrial activity (1) can release chemicals into water sources (1)

Reasons for difference in annual rate growth of urban population?

• More rapid rates of natural increase (1) especially in cities where contraception is an issue (1)

• More rapid rates of rural-urban migration (1) due to investment in urban locations from TNCs (1)

Advantage + disadvantage of intermediate technology?

Advantage:

• Local people can be trained to fix it if it breaks

Disadvantage:

• Can be unreliable (1) requiring regular repair (1)