Nutrition Exam

Define Food

Plants and animals we eat to grow, repair and maintain homeostasis

What are nutrients?

Carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

What nutrients are Macronutrients

Carbs, Fats, protein

What nutrients are Micronutrients

Water and minerals

Define Macronutrients

required in relatively large amounts and provide energy and building blocks for growth and repair

Define Micronutrients

required in smaller amounts and cofactors in enzymatic reactions, antioxidants

Sources of energy are measured as…..

Calories

Define Nutrition

Science that studies how nutrients affect our health

What causes this science to constantly change

humans are all different, evolutionary adaptations, culture and traditional influence, food corps. influence, food availability and political and social

Define dieticians

Uses knowledge of diet and health to plan and supervise food service or programs for clients

What percent of the U.S population is obese

40

What does obesity cause?

Joint pain, diabetes, hypertension, insomnia, depression, crohn’s, IBS

What is now a common trend in young U.S citizens

Colorectal cancer

Define Tocopherol

Vitamin E, essential for cellular health and function

Define Thiamine monoitrate

Vitamin B, important for nerve and heart health and cell energy

How often should you eat animal products

occasionally

How often should you eat plants

Increase consumption

What is the NLEA

Nutrition labeling education act, congress in 1990

What 6 things are required on packaged food items

Statement of identity, Net contents of package, ingredient list, information of food manufacturing, packing/ distribution, Nutrition information

Define statement of Identity

Has to display a common name or appropriately descriptive term

Define Ingredient list

Listed ingredients in order of amount by weight, largest amount listed first, preservatives also listed together with function

Define nutrition information

Serving size and calories per serving

Define daily values

The amount a serving provides of each nutrient

What’s an example of daily values

A food could provide 10% of daily cholesterol for people consuming 2000 calories daily

What is the Law for serving size

It must be based on the amount of food people typically consume

What does the FDA do

regulates serving size based on the reference amounts customarily consumed

What are the 3 different food claims

Nutrient content claims, health claims, qualified health claims

Define Nutrient content claims

Descriptive terms that must meet specific thresholds set by the FDA

Give an example of nutrient content claims

Low fat or high in fiber

Define health claims

Link one or more dietary component to reduce risk of disease, must have scientific evidence

Give an example of health claims on a food label

Lowers cholesterol

Define qualified health claims

Required specific wording or disclaims

Give and example of qualified health claims on a food label

May reduce risk of heart illness

Define GRAS ingredients

Generally recognized as safe

What are GRAS ingredients

An FDA designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts under the conditions of its intended use

Define TBHQ

A questionable preservative ingredient that is derived from petroleum and lighter fluid

What are the negative side effects of TBHQ

negative impact on immune system and vaccine function

Define BHA and BHT

A solid, petroleum derived food presevative

What are the negative side effects of BHA and BHT

could cause thyroid system damage, metabolic and growth disorders, neurosis and carcinogenesis

Define Red 4 or E120

Crushed, boiled insect shells

Define shellac

Female lacs insect found in India and Thailand to add a shiny coating or glaze on stuff

Define silicon dioxide

Sand, common in spiced and powdered foods and or creamer

When was the first dietary recommendations published

1894 by USDA

What was in the firsts dietary recommendations in 1894

described adequate amounts of protein, carbs, fats and mineral water

What was published in 1917

How to select foods

What was in the 1917 How to select food

the 5 food groups

What are the 5 food groups

Diary, bread cereal, fats and oil, sweets, meets and meat substitues

What was established in 1940

RDA

What was the goal of establishing the RDA

prevent deficiencies

USDA and DHHS do every 5 years

jointly revise dietary guidelines

Define DHHS

Department of health and human services

Define CNPP

Center of Nutrition Policy and Promotion

Define DRI’s

Set of nutrient reference standards that are used for planning and assessing diets of healthy individuals and groups

What are DRIs metrics based on

average for a given group by age sex, weight , height, and blood or urine analysis

Define macronutrients

Nutrients required in relatively large amounts, carbs, fats and proteins

Why are Macronutrients important

provide energy and building blocks for growth and repair

Define Micronutrients

nutrients required in smaller amounts, cofactors in enzymatic reactions

What are two Micronutrients

Minerals, water and antioxidants

What are the 6 DRIs

EER, AMDR, RDA , AI, EAR, UL

Define EER

Estimated energy requirement, average dietary energy intake to maintain weight in healthy individuals

What is EER based on

Age, weight, sex ,and level of activity

What is a Kcal

Calories with a capital C,

How many calories is a 1kcal worth

1000

Define AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient distribution range

What is the AMDR

Described the portion of energy intake that should come from each mactonutrient

How much should protein be percent wise

10-35%

How much should Fat be percent wise

20-35%

How much should carbs be worth percent wise

45-65%

How many kilocalories is Fats worth

9

How many kilocalories are carbs worth

4

How many kilocalories is protein worth

4 kilograms

Define EAR

Estimated Average Requirement

What does EAR mean

estimated average daily intake level of nutrient that will meet the needs of 50% of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage

Define RDA

Recommend daily allowance

What is the RDA

average daily intake level sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all people: 97-98%

What do you do with RDA

Used for daily value percentages on nutrition labels

Define AI

Adequate intake

What is AI

Recommended average daily level for nutrients that do not have RDA

Define UL

Upper intake

What is UL

The highest average daily intake that is safe for most people

Define BMI

Body mass index that measures body fat based on height and weight that applies to men and women

What is special about AI

not enough scientific evidence “pretty sure its ok”