The science and art of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data.
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Individual
An object described in a set of data. Individuals can be people, animals, or things
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Variable
An attribute that can take different values for different individuals.
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Categorical Variable
Assigns labels that place each individual into a particular group, called a category.
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Quantitative Variable
Takes a number of values that are quantities - counts or measurements.
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Distribution
Distribution of a variable tells us what values the variable takes and how often it takes those values.
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Frequency Table
shows the number of individuals having each value
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relative frequency
the proportion or percent of individuals having each value
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bar graph
shows each category as a bar. The heights of the bars show the category frequencies or relative frequencies
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pie chart
a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole
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two-way table
counts that summarizes data on the relationship between two categorical variables for some group of individuals
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marginal relative frequency
the percent or proportion of individuals that have a specific value for one categorical variable
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joint relative frequency
the percent or proportion of individuals that have a specific value for one categorical variable and a specific value for another categorical variable
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conditional relative frequency
gives the percent or proportion of individuals that have a specific value for one categorical variable among individuals who share the same value of another categorical variable
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association
Between two variables if specific values of one variable tends to occur in common with specific values of the other
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dotplot
simple graph that shows each data value as a dot above its location on a number line
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stemplot
simple graphical display for fairly small data sets that gives a quick picture of the shape of distribution while including the actual numerical values in the graph; each observation is separated into a stem and a leaf
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histogram
a bar chart representing a frequency distribution; heights of the bars represent observed frequencies
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shape
main features of the graph including major peaks, clusters, gaps, outliers, and symmetry or skewness
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center
middle of data (mean/median usually)
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variability
how spread out a set of data is
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outliers
individual value that falls outside the overall pattern of distribution
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symmetric
a graph in which the right and left sides are approximately mirror images of each other
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skewed to the right
smaller values going towards the right
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skewed to the left
smaller values going towards the left
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mean
the average of all the individual data value
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median
the midpoint of a distribution, the number such that about half of the observations are smaller and about half are larger
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range
the distance between the minimum value and the maximum value of a distribution
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standard deviation
measures the typical distance of the values in a distribution from the mean
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interquartile range (IQR)
Q3-Q1=IQR
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five-number summary
min, max, Q1, Q3, median
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box plot
visual representation of the five-number summary
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interference
make decisions or predictions based on the data
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quartiles
divide the ordered data set into four groups having roughly the same number of values
Studied by 15 people
