BIOL 319 Lab 1

science

study of physical phenomena and follows specific guidelines that make it unique from other disciplines

human anatomy

study of the structure of the human body

human physiology

functions of the body

metric system

used to record quantities such as length, volume, mass (weight), and time

-conversion to higher or lower values simpler

-based on units of 10

medical dosages: 1mL = 1cc

kilo

1000x

deca

10x

deci

1/10x

centi

1/100x

milli

1/1000x

micro

1/1,000,000x

nano

1/1,000,000,000x

independent variable

variable changed

dependent variable

results that occurs by changing the independent variable

prefix

added in front of root word

epi

upon

hypo

below

itis

inflammation

hypogastric

under stomach

gastritis

inflammation of stomach

human cells

exist within a range of temperature, salinity, and pH

pH

measure acidic and basic conditions under potential hydrogens

-differ 10x between whole values

buffers

resist changes in pH

covalent bonds

share electrons, strong bonds,

-nucleus of each atom is positively charged due to protons, (+) charges of two separate atoms repel, but when and e- is share, the e- are attracted to both positive nuclei

-do not conduct electricity well

ionic bonds

electrons from one atom is transferred

-atom with (+) charge and atom with (-) charge

-ions/electrolytes

-due to electrostatic attraction

-strong bonds

-pulled apart by the action of water, ions in soln conduct electricity

hydrogen bonds

x2 hydrogen atoms share e- with oxygen

-water

slow evaporation

due to greater number of hydrogen bonds

gross anatomy

earliest study

-cutting up part or all of the body and examining in details

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

-not dependent on dissection

-manipulation of atomic nuclei under magnetic fields

CT

computerized tomography

-rotating x-ray scans —> cross sectional images

chemical

oxygen, carbohydrates

organelle

mitochondrion, golgi apparatus

cell

neuron, red blood cell

tissue

nervous, muscular

organ

stomach, kidney

organ system

digestive system, urinary system

organism

homo sapiens

regional anatomy

study of particular area of the body, head or leg

systematic anatomy

study of organ systems

respiratory system

-nose

-nasal cavity

pharynx (throat)

-larynx

-trachea

-bronchi

-lungs

urinary system

-kidney

-ureter

-urinary bladder

-urethra

nervous system

-brain

-spinal cord

-nerve

-cauda equina

muscular system

-temporalis

-pectoralis major

-biceps brachil

-rectus abdominis

-sartorius

-quadriceps femoris

reproductive system

-mammary glands (in breast)

-uterine tube

-ovary

-uterus

-vagina

skeletal system

-skull

-clavicle

-sternum

-humerus

-vertebral column

-radias

-ulna

-ribs

-pelvis

-tibia

-fibula

-fermur

lymphatic system

-tonsils

-cervical lymph node

-mammary plexus

-thoracic duct

-spleen

-inguinal lymph node

-thymus

-axillary lymph node

-lymphatic vessel

integumentary system

-hair

-skin

digestive system

-pharynx (throat)

-oral cavity (mouth)

-salivary glands

-esophagus

-stomach

-pancreas

-small intestine

-large intestine

-liver

-gallbladder

-appendix

-rectum

-anus

endocrine system

-hypothalamus

-pineal gland

-pituitary gland

-thyroid gland

-thymus gland

-adrenal gland

-ovaries (female)

-testes (male)

-pancreas (islets)

-parathyroid glands (posterior part of thyroid)

cardiovascular system

-carotid artery

-jugular vein

-heart

-brachial artery

-inferior vena cava

-superior vena cava

-pulmonary trunk

-abdominal aorta

-femoral artery and vein

reproductive system

maintenance of species

-sex cells from male join with sex cells from female to produce offspring

-main organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (female)

-main organs: testes, ductus deferens, glands producing seminal fluid, penis (male)

lymphatic system

cleanses and returns tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and assists body in protecting itself from foreign organisms

(immune system)

-lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

urinary system

removes waste

-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

integumentary system

protective covering of body

-mainly formed of skin

nervous system

allows interaction and interpretation with environment

-brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves,

digestive system

nutrition to tissues

-mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver

muscular system

moves body and individual muscles

-biceps brachii, gluteus maximus muscles

endocrine system

produce hormones

-hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, and gonads

respiratory system

takes oxygen to body and releases CO2

-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

cardiovascular system

mainly for transport

-heart, blood vessels

skeletal system

framework for movement and mechanisms for protecting the body

-individual bones

anatomical position

reference of patient’s orientation

-body upright, facing forward, arms and legs straight, palms face forward, feet flat on ground, and eyes open

-”patient’s left side'“

proximal

-digestive system

-regions closer to mouth

distal

-digestive system

-regions closer to anus

parietal

to the body wall

visceral

areas closer to internal organs

heart and lungs

have x2 layers of visceral and parietal

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

toward the midline

lateral

toward the side

superficial

toward the surface

deep

toward the core

ventral (or anterior)

to the front

-belly side

dorsal (posterior)

to the back

proximals

for extremities, meaning near the trunk

distal

for extremities, meaning away from the trunk

ipsilateral

same side of body

-right hand and right arm

contralateral

other side of body (left side/right side)

-ears

exception with quadrupeds (4-footed animals)

no superior and inferior designation

-dorsal

-ventral

-anterior (cephalic)

-posterior (caudal)

anterior (cephalic)

toward front or head end of animal

posterior (caudal)

toward the rear or tail end of animal

horizontal

transverse plane

-cut that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

frontal

coronal plane

-cut into anterior and posterior portions

sagittal plane/ midsagittal plane

cut of left and right positions

cavity

enclosed space inside the body

three ventral cavities

do not open to exterior environment

-thoracic cavity

-abdominal cavity

-pelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

directly above diaphragm

-divided into mediastinum and pleural cavities

-mediastinum: region between the lungs, contains heart, esophagus, and trachea

-pleural cavities: on each side of mediastinum

abdominopelvic cavity

below diaphragm

-divided into: abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

-abdominal cavity: stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine, and digestive organs -liver and pancreas

pelvic cavity

begins at region of hips and contains the lower part of the large intestine and some of the reproductive organs (uterus and ovaries)

serous membranes

line ventral cavities

compound light microscope

magnify very small, thin specimen

-like cells or microorganisms

-use visable light and 2-lens system

ocular lens

eyepiece

-further magnify produced by objective lens and project onto user’s eye

-multiplies objective lens power to determine final total magnification

ex: 10x ___ x (40x objective lens) = 400x total magnification

nosepiece

hold objective lenses and rotates to switch between magnification levels

(4x, 10x, 40x, or 100x)

objective lens

capture light from specimen and create magnified image

4x: scanning: finds sample on slide

10x: low power: view general cell layouts/ larger details

40x: high power: finer details like individual cells

stage

holds glass slide with sample

condenser

gather light from illuminator and focus it into a sharp, intense cone of light onto specimen

mechanical stage control knob

allow smooth, precise movement of glass slide across stage in vertical and horizontal directions

x-axis knob: move left and right

y-axis knob: move forward and backward

iris diaphragm lever

adjust the size of the opening that lets the light pass though condenser

-can increase depth of field

light source

shine visible light to see fine details

base

physical stability, support entire weight of instrument

-houses internal light source and power controls