HUG Final Exam 2026 Review Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering political geography, agricultural practices, diffusion types, urban characteristics, environmental impacts, and historical skills for the HUG Final Exam $$2026$$.

Define a 'State' as described in the notes.

A country with borders, a government, and complete control over its territory.

What is the definition of 'Sovereignty'?

The power to self govern and complete independence.

What is a 'Nation'?

A group of people who have a common identity, culture, and history.

How is a 'Nation-State' defined?

A country where almost everyone belongs to the same nation (cultural group).

What is a 'Multinational State'?

One single country which has many distinct cultural groups.

a 'Stateless Nation'?

A cultural group that wants its own country but doesn't have one.

Define a 'Multistate Nation'.

One cultural group that is split across many different countries.

What is 'Subsistence Agriculture'?

Farming to feed your family.

What is 'Commercial Agriculture'?

Farming on a large scale to sell food for profit.

Contagious diffusion

Something spreading quickly from person to person; for example, memes or sickness.

What occurs during 'Stimulus Diffusion'?

The main idea spreads but details change to fit the new culture.

What is an 'Ecological Footprint'?

The amount of Earth's resources a person or group uses.

What was 'The Columbian Exchange'?

The trade of plants, animals, and disease between Europe and The Americas after Columbus.

characteristics of a 'Global City'?

Very populated large hubs of international influence in economics, culture, and politics that are part of a network in an elite club of cities at the top of the world's urban hierarchy.

Name the four examples of 'Global Cities' listed in the notes.

Tokyo, NYC, London, and Paris.

What is China’s 'Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)'?

A $\text{trillion dollar}$ global development strategy to build a vast network of infrastructure and trade routes connecting China to the rest of the world.

In 'Rural to Urban Migration', what are 'Pull Factors'?

More jobs, better education, hospitals, and entertainment.

What defines 'Push Factors' in migration?

Problems in rural areas.

'Industrial Revolution'

The rise of machines over labor using coal-powered steam engines to power machines, tracks, and ships, and iron to make machines, tools, railroads, and weapons.

What is 'Shifting Cultivation' (also known as Slash-and-burn Agriculture)?

Farmers clear land by cutting and burning vegetation and planting crops until the soil is worn out, then relocating.

What is 'Nomadic Herding'?

Moving livestock from place to place.

Define 'Plantation Agriculture'.

Commercial farming that focuses on growing a specific crop.

Market Gardening'?

Small scale production of fruits, veggies, and flowers sold directly to local markets.

What is 'Desertification'?

When fertile land becomes a desert.

Air Pollution'

Harmful substances released into the atmosphere.

Water Pollution'

Contaminating bodies of water with waste and chemicals.

'Terrace Farming'

Making cutting steps into hillsides or mountains to create flat land for farming and to prevent soil erosion.

What is the purpose of 'Draining Wetlands'?

Removing water from marshes or swamps to clear land for farming or urban development.

'Redlining'.

When neighborhoods are refused service.

Food Deserts

Areas with limited access to fresh healthy food.

What is the primary goal of the 'Paris Climate Agreement'?

An international treaty whose goal is to lower the global temperature.

What does the acronym 'CAPP' stand for in DBQ and Review?

Context, Audience, Purpose, and POV.

ecological role of the 'American Bison'?

It is the strongest land mammal in North America and its role allows wildflowers to thrive.

What are $2$ ways modern society or agriculture has harmed the 'American Bison'?

Hunting almost wiped out the population and the expansion of large farms caused difficulty for them to roam.

What conservation effort has been made for the 'American Bison'?

Conservation programs helped increase the population by creating breeding programs.