Botany

3 cell types

-parenchyma

- collenchyma,

epidermis= 1 cell wall thick

-sclerenchyma ,

dead at maturity, lignin ( red color)

what is the difference between the periderm and the pericycle ?

The periderm is cork cambium,cork,phelloderm it divides

pericycle,functions to always divide

The life of a cell

1. interphase, cell is doing its function DNA is duplicated

2. Mitotic phase, mitosis ( division of nucleus and DNA) cytokinesis ( division of cytoplasm)

The life of a the cell

( 4 phases)

MITOSIS

(Interphase),is the majority of its life then it goes to its mitotic phase { nucleolus,cytoplasm,chromatin,cell wall and plasma membrane}

* Prophase { spindle forms, chromosomes form, nuclear envelope disapates}

*Metaphase { metaphase ( plate/ equatorial plane), spindle}

* Anaphase ( chromosomes separate and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibers) { spindle microtubules pull the genetically identical chromosomes, daughter chromosomes separate}

* telophase { cell plate, accomplishes cytoleinsis, nuclei form}

Plastids

3 basic types

* All related to each other from an evolutionary perspective

* all have 2 layers of membrane that surround them

- chloroplast { green because of chlorophyll (photosynthesis)

-chromoplast { yellow to red color from carotenoids, often attraction for animal seed disperseis or pollinators}

-plastids { naturally colorless,strach storage (leuroplast)

What does RAM stand for ?

Root Apical Meristem

RAM

( root apical meristem )

* divides off cells in 2 directions

Exterior cells = root cap

interior cells = 1 meristems > develop into 1 tissues

1. protoderm > epidermis

2. ground meristem > ground tissue

3. procambium > vascular tissue

Mitochondria

* have 2 layers of membrane

* fxn: cellular respiration

> how all cells get energy to power metabolism

What is the difference between the vascular cambium and the vascular cylinder?

*vascular cambium ,

creates second tissue

* vascular cylinder,

center colum,primary pholoem,xylem

What are vascular plants

* ferns

* conifers

* flowering plants

What is phyloroglucinol ?

reacts with lignin to turn pine/red

What is vascular tissue ?

Internal conclutive tissue

Development of tissues

Ground tissue, fill up the plant body and gives the plant shape and internal support

* help with nutrient production and storage

Development of tissues

Vascular tissue , made up of the xylem and phloem

Development of tissues

xylem, one way tube that carries water

Development of tissues

phloem, two way tube that carries food

Tissues of vascular plants

* epidermis

* ground tissue

* vascular tissue

3 cell types of vascular plants

* Parenchyma

* collenchyma

* sclerenchyma

Plastids

* 3 basic types

- all related to each other from evolutionary perspective

- all have 2 layers of membrane that surround them

- vary by color and function

Plastids ( leucoplasts)

Naturally colorless

fxns: starch storage, others make oil

plastids ( chromoplasts)

* yellow to red color from carotenoids

* fxns: often, attraction for animal seed dispersers or pollinators

The life of a cell

(Primary Growth )

Result in an increase in length

-new leaves and root form

the life of a cell

(secondary growth)

results in an increase in thickness

plastids ( chloroplast)

* green because of chlorophyll

* fxn: photosynthesis

the life of a cell

( root functions)

absorption, storage,anchorage,conduction

Difference between monocot and dicot root

MONOCOT ROOTS

Monocot roots,

1. xylem is polyarch

2. pith is usually large at the centre

3. Metaxylem vessels are generally circular in cross section

4. conductive tissue is sclerenchymatous in maize

5. there is no secondary growth

Difference between monocot and dicot root

DICOT ROOTS

1. xylem is usually tetrach

2. pith is usually absent

3.metaxylem vessels are generally polygonal in cross section

4. conjuctive tissue is usually parenchymatous

5. secondary growth is generally present

Summary of primary and secondary growth in a woody stem

PRIMARY MERISTEMS

* protoderm

* procambium

* ground meristem

Summary of primary and secondary growth in a woody stem

PRIMARY TISSUES

* epidermis

* primary phloem, primary xylem

* ground tissue { pith cortex}

Summary of primary and secondary growth in a woody stem

LATERAL MERISTEM

* vascular cambium

* cork cambuim ( periderm)

Summary of primary and secondary growth in a woody stem

SECONDARY TISSUES

*secondary phloem

* secondary xylem

* cork { periderm}

Middle Lamella

gives cells together

Plant tissues

* ( outside skin) Epidermis > always on the outside > made of parenchyma

ex: trichomes guard cells > modified epidermis cells

Phases of the cell cycle

* interphase

- primary growth

- genome replicated

- secondary growth

- mitosis

- cytokinesis

Simple leaf

- blade is 1 continuous piece

compound leaf

- blade is divided into leaflets pinnately compound leaf

Palmately compound leaf

the hand one

( node then at the end a compile pack of leaves)

Stipules

- paired leaf appendages found at the base of the petiole

petiolate leaf

has a petiole

sessile leaf

lacks a petiole

Modified roots

adventitious roots

pheumatophores

roots for gas exchange

shoot

stem + leaves

Node

Section of stem where leaves attach

Leaf venation

* parallel

- typical of moncots

* netted

- typical of eudicots

Leaf arrangement

* Alternate, 1 leaf per node

* opposite, 2 leafs per node

* whorled, 3+ leaves per node

BULB

ex. Onion

CORM

ex. green onion, chive, leek

( basil plate)

CLADODE + TRAP

ex. fanged pitcher, venus fly trap

( flattened stem for photosynthesis, carnivorous part of leaf)

THORN

modified branch

PRICKLE

extension of epidermis

ex. rose

TUBER

swollen underground stem

ex.potato

PHYLLODE

Spines, flattened stem for storage

ex. nopal

STOLEN

Above ground stem lying on ground

ex. strawberries

RHIZONE

Below ground stem

ex. bleeding heart

SPINES

modified leaf

ex. ulex europaeus

TENDRIL

modified plant

ex. pea plant

Ancestral

describes a character state that is the same as a group's common ancestor

Character

a trait used to decipher evolutionary relationships. these inches but are not limited to an organism's morphology reproduction structures, and DNA sequences

Character Matrix

a table showing the characters and character states for a given group of organisms

Character state

the form of a character. For example if out character was flower color in a particular group of organisms the possible character states might be red,orange or blue

Cladogram

a diagram illustrating the branching patterns of evolution for a particular group. also called phylogenetic trees

Derived

a character state that is different from a groups common ancestor

Group of interest

a term used to describe the groups of organisms for whom you are trying to determine their evolutionary relationship

Homoplasy

a shared character state due to convergent evolution

Monophyletic group

a taxonomic group that shares a common ancestor and all of its descendants. defined by synapomorphies

Node

A branch point on a cladogram, represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa above the node

Ockham's razor

a rule used throughout science stating " do not generate a hypothesis any more complex than is demanded by the date"

Outgroup

a group outside of you're group of interest. An outgrip is used to determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived

Paraphyletic group

a taxonomic group that includes a common ancestor and some, but nit all of its descendants

Parismony

a principle used to decipher evolutionary relationships based upon they deal that the simplest explanation of a dataset is the one most likely to be true. parsimonios trees minimize the number of a character changes to explain the data set. based upon ockham's razor

Polyphyletic

a taxonomic group from 2 or more ancestral sources

Symplesiomorphy

A shared, ancestral character state

Synapomorphy

a unique shared, derived character state

Taxon

a named group of organisms

plural = taxa

How can you tell the difference between an asexual sporangium and a zygosporangium ?

Zygospargia are DIPLOID and formed by conjugation off and mycelium while Asexual sporangium are HAPLOID and form a zygus paradigm with a long sporangiosphore.

ZYGOSPARGIA

THEY ARE DIPLOID

ASEXUAL SPORANGIUM

THEY ARE HAPLOID

A. PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA

What is the ploidy of nuclei in the zygospore ?

Nuclei in the zygospore are Zn

Are the spores produced by the sporangia on the sporangiophore mitospores or meiospores ?

Mitospores

Which type of sporangium produces spores that are genetically different from each other ? the one that germinates out of a zygospore or the asexual sporangia ?

The one that germinates out of a zygospore

B. PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA

How many ascospores are present in each ascus ?

8 ascospores are present in each ascus

What events take place in the ascus ?

karygogamy ,meiosis and mitosis

Are the hyphae of sordaria septet or non-septate ?

Septate

Are the mature ascospores haploid, dikaryotic or diploid ?

Mature ascospores are haploid

How do apothecia differ from perithecia ?

Apothecia are cup-shaped and the hymenium is COMPLETELY EXPOSED , while perithecia have a hymenium that is MOSTLY ENCLOSED.

What is the ploidy or plodies of the cells within the ascocarp ?

The ploidy of the most cells within the ascocarp is dikaryotic

C. CONIDIAL FUNGI

What type of cell division produces conidia ?

Mitosis

What is the ploidy of conidia ?

Haploid

Can you see differences in the shape and organization of conidiophores in penicillium vs aspergillus ?

In penicillin both the hypa and conidiophore are septate aspergillum has just a septet hyphae

Are sexual reproductive structures present ?

No conidial fungi have lost the ability to sexually reproduce

What is the functional advantage of reproducing exclusively by asexual spores ?

Better survival of genetically favorable offspring

What might be a long term disadvantage or reproducing entirely asexually ?

Less adaptable to changes in the environment

( observe the variety of conidial fungi in the laboratory)

Would you say that conidial fungi contribute to breakdown of organic matter in compost piles?

YES

Ploidy

The number of sets of chromosomes

Diploid

two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Haploid

one set of chromosomes (n)

Homologous Chromosomes

Contain the same genes but not identical

Meiosis

two sets of divisions

- 1 (2n) parent cell that divides 4 (n) daughter cells that divides 4n daughter cells

Meiosis 1

homologous chromosomes separate