Biology Unit 5 Chapter 9

Chloroplast

where photosynthesis takes place

Mitochondrial Matrix

where kreb's cycle occurs

Cristae (Inner membrane)

where the electron transport chain occurs

cytoplasm

where glycolysis occurs

autotroph

can make their own food

heterotroph

must consume organic material to obtain food

Aerobe

organism that uses oxygen (Cellular Respiration)

Anaerobe

organism that doesn't use oxygen (Fermentation)

calorie

unit of measurement: amount of energy required to increase 1 mL of water 1 degree celsius

Calorie

kilocalorie (1,000c) unit we measure food in; 1 gram of sugar = 3.811 Calories of heat

Obligate Aerobe

only cellular respiration (Humans)

Obligate Anaerobe

only fermentation

Facultative Anaerobe

use both cellular respiration and fermentation

Redox Reaction

the chemical reaction of the transfer of electrons to a molecule (reduction) and therefore from another molecule (Oxidation)

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

main energy molecule used in organisms

Hexokinase

starts glycolysis; changes glucose into glucose 6-phosphate

NADH

NAD+ gains 2 electrons therefore attracting a H+ (3 ATP)

FADH2

FAD attracts 2 H

GTP

Guanosine Triphosphate

Fermentation

Glycolysis is the first part followed by the fermentation step. releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen.

Alcoholic

Enzymes convert Pyruvic Acid and NADH into Ethyl alcohol, CO2
and NAD+
-Recycles the NADH back into NAD+ so glycolysis can keep
happening...
-Produced in wine, beer, bread.

Lactic Acid

-Enzymes convert the Pyruvic Acid and NADH into Lactic Acid (3C) and
NAD+
-Recycles the NADH back into NAD+ so glycolysis can keep happening.
-Used by many bacteria (seen in dairy) and several cells of animals,
mostly muscle.
-Lactic acid causes the "burn" in muscles after a workout, eventually
cleared by liver and kidneys

Creatine Phosphate

Natural element in the body; Take the phosphate off the creatine and put it on ADP to make ATP

What is Anton Van Leeuwenhoek famous for?

First person to discover LIVING cells
"Perfecting" the microscope

The Alligator was 3.2 meters in length is an example of what?

Quantitative data

Responding Variable

What is measured in the experiment and is placed on the Y axis of a graph

Scientific Theory

A well tested explanation about a scientific phenomenon uniting several disciplines

What is the magnification of an image if the ocular lens is 10x and the objective lens is 4x

40x

35.5 mls into uls

35,500

An in vitro transfection would refer to what?

Mutating eukaryotic cells grown in a petri dish

Electron Microscope characteristics

they are expensive
they can magnify images up to 1,000,000x and beyond
they can use electrons to produce an image of the specimen

What part of a microscope adjusts the amount of light shining through the stage / slide, and thus through the specimen?

the diaphragm

The flower being red is an example of what?

Qualitative data

What term refers to a possible answer to a scientific question

hypothesis

Which variable in an experiment is the one you are measuring?

responding variable

What type of graph would you use when the independent variable is discontinuous?

Bar graph

What term refers to growing bacterial cells within a rabbit?

In Vivo

Which lens, sometimes referred to as the eyepiece, is the one you would look through?

Ocular lens

What method of separating cellular material utilizes spinning a sample at a high rate of speed?

Centrifugation

What term refers to predicting an outcome beyond the parameters of what were measured in an experiment?

Extrapolation

Hypothesis

A possible answer to a scientific question
A logical interpretation based upon prior observations
A well-tested explanation unifying a broad range of observations
A scientific statement about what happens

Theory

What term refers to a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

A microscope can only magnify an image with good quality up to which magnification?

1,000x

Colony

a group of unicellular organisms physically linked together

Your body's ability to keep various conditions within specific ranges

homeostasis

Saharan desert, Australian Outback, Death Valley are all an example of what?

Biome

The energy that enters the Earth from the sun will eventually leave in what form?

Heat

Glucose

Producers that utilize the sun's energy in a process known as photosynthesis, convert that solar energy into what

Fossil Material

Biogeochemical reservoir that is organic and unavailable

Chemosynthesis

process in which organisms that can harness energy from the breakdown of inorganic materials

Robert Hooke

Saw the first dead cell
From a Cork plant
Only the cell wall

Biotic Factor

living factor (Grass)

Ecosystem

all of the individuals of all of the species with a particular area

Food Chain

the one-way movement of energy through an ecosystem

Animals eat more than one kind of food

Why a food web is better than a food chain

Unicellular

made up of one or containing only the same one type of cell

Multicellular

organisms made up of or containing multiple eukaryotic cells of different types

Defining difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, but prokaryotic cells do not

Why do you only have one manipulated variable at a time?

so you know which variable caused a specific outcome

Carbon 14 has how many neutrons?

8

solid state of matter

a fixed volume, fixed shape, and very little space between molecules

Liquid state of matter

a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape, and little space between between molecules

Gaseous state of matter

Not a fixed volume nor a fixed shape, and lots of space between molecules

anion

an "atom" that has gained electrons and has a negative charge

electrons

a negative charge and found orbiting the nucleus

Frederick Soddy

discovered that not all atoms of a given element are identical, what are known as iostopes

Covalent Bond

The sharing of electrons between two atoms

Hydrogen

atomic #: 1
# of protons: 1
atomic mass: 1
neutrons: 0
electrons: 1
Valence electrons: 2
To be happy:

oxygen

atomic #: 8
protons: 8
atomic mass: 16
neutrons: 8
electrons: 8
valence electrons: 6
to be happy: 2
covalent bonds: 2

Carbon

atomic #: 6
protons: 6
atomic mass: 1
neutrons: 6
electrons: 6
valence electrons: 4
to be happy: 4
covalent bonds: 4

Nitrogen

atomic #: 7
protons: 7
atomic mass: 14
neutrons: 7
electrons: 7
valence electrons: 5
to be happy: 3
covalent bonds: 3

atomic mass

protons and neutrons added together

isotope

different # of neutrons

Radioactive Isotope

double covalent bond

shares 4 electrons

ionic bond

one atom gives up an electron (positive) and another gains an electron (negative)

How many bonds can a water molecule form?

4

Van Der Waals forces

group of atoms sticking together due to polarity

Water is unique why?

density (Denser as a liquid than a solid)

adhesion

water sticking to surrounding objects (water climbing the edge of a glass)

acidic solution

more hydrogen ions and less hydroxide ions

proton

What sub-atomic particle does the atomic number of an element represent

Valence electron

outermost orbit of electrons

meniscus

lower line of a water in a glass, the line we would measure

thermocline

section of water where the temperature rapidly changes as you go down in depth

atom

smallest part of an element that still contains all the qualities of that element

Polarity

unevenly distributed charge of an atom. Parts of the atom can be S+ or S- depending on where the electrons are. The electrons are constantly moving and are not always equally shared, resulting in polarity.

mass

the amount of matter something contains (permanent)

weight

the mass affected by gravity

Proteins

amino acids -> proteins
made from "Blueprint" in DNA
contains big 4: Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Primary

amino acid chain in it's order

Secondary

foldings of primary chain ( alpha helix or beta sheet)

tertiary

large foldings of the protein itself

quaternary

if theres more than one amino acid chain

What can change a protein shape?

PH, salt concentration, and temperature

Protein functions

1) enzyme; control chemical reactions
2) structural; helping to build the cell and body
3) chemical messengers in the body (hormones)
4) nutrients; used for energy
5) antibodies; help defend the body
6) channels, gates, and pumps allowing materials to pass through cell membranes

Carbohydrate (monomer -> polymer)

sugars to starches

Carbohydrate (structure)

made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1

Carbohydrate (function)

1) main source of energy
2) structural purposes; building molecules in cells
3) tagging blood cells

Carbohydrate (Monosaccharides)

GGFR -> glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose