CE 425 Lesson 1 - Elements of Seismology, Earthquake Engineering, and Seismic Hazards Identification

Flashcards generated for CE 425 Lesson 1 elements of seismology, earthquake engineering, and seismic hazards identification and enumeration.

What branch of civil engineering provides principles and procedures for planning, analysis, and design of structures and facilities capable of resisting earthquake effects?

Earthquake Engineering

According to Japanese folklore, what creature is believed to cause earthquakes by wiggling its tail beneath mainland Japan?

Namazu (Giant Catfish)

Which serpent-like dragon in Cebuano mythology is believed to cause eclipses, earthquakes, rains, and winds?

Bakunawa

Who is the fire god described in ancient Kapampangan folklore as a dragon serpent moving in the veins of Indung Tibuan and causing earthquakes?

Lakanapi

What being of great strength in Philippine folklore is trapped between two great rocks in the mountains of Montalban?

Bernardo Carpio

What mythical river monster in Cagayan de Oro is described as a giant fish said to cause earthquakes in the region?

Oro

What phenomenon is defined as broad-banded vibratory ground motions resulting from tectonic ground motions, volcanism, landslides, or man-made explosions?

Earthquake

Which type of earthquakes are caused by the fracture and sliding of rock along faults within the Earth's crust?

Tectonic earthquakes

Which earthquakes occur in conjunction with volcanic activity and are induced by the movement of magma?

Volcanic earthquakes

What type of earthquakes are small earthquakes occurring in regions of underground caverns and mines, sometimes produced by massive land sliding?

Collapse earthquakes

What type of earthquakes are produced by the explosion of chemical or nuclear devices?

Man-made earthquakes

What are the phenomena or agents initiated by earthquakes that can cause significant damage to the built environment called?

Seismic hazards

What is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock that allows the blocks to move relative to each other?

Fault

Which Japanese seismologist conducted an 1891 study of the Mino-Owari Earthquake that supported sudden faulting as the actual cause of the earthquake?

Professor Bunjiro Koto

Which scientist's geodetic observations after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake showed that rupture occurred at depth as well as at the surface?

Harry Fielding Reid

What theory states that strained rock rebounds when a fault ruptures, releasing stored elastic energy?

Elastic Rebound Theory

What are the gigantic pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle that are made of oceanic and continental crust called?

Tectonic plates

What earthquake damaging effect involves two sides of a fault slipping relative to one another, potentially damaging structures crossing the surface fault?

Surface faulting

What geological feature associated with the generation of earthquakes involves a ground fissure?

Ground cracking

What phenomenon refers to the failure of slopes that are marginally stable before an earthquake and become unstable because of violent shaking?

Landslides

What phenomenon occurs when the ground surface settles or depresses because of compaction induced by earthquake vibrations?

Ground subsidence

What phenomenon occurs when fine saturated granular soils temporarily change from a solid to a liquid state and lose their ability to carry loads or remain stable?

Soil liquefaction

What are long-period oscillating waves generated by distant earthquakes in enclosed bodies of water called?

Seiches

What are large sea waves generated by a sudden depression of the ocean floor, commonly caused by slippage of undersea earthquake faults?

Tsunamis

What are the four causes of broad-banded vibratory ground motions identified in the lesson?

Tectonic ground motions; Volcanism; Landslide; Man-made explosions

What are the four types of earthquakes according to their Mode of Generation?

Tectonic Earthquakes; Volcanic Earthquakes; Collapse Earthquakes; Man-made Earthquakes

What are the five principles/procedures provided by Earthquake Engineering?

a) Selection of proper location to minimize exposure to earthquake hazards; b) Estimation of earthquake forces; c) Analysis of structures and surrounding environment to determine maximum stresses and deformations; d) Configuration, proportioning, and detailing of structures to resist stresses and deformations without collapse or component failure; e) Improvement of soils and stabilization of natural slopes

According to Reid's Elastic Rebound Theory, what causes tectonic earthquake fracture?

Relative crustal displacements that produce elastic strains greater than rock strength

According to Reid's Elastic Rebound Theory, how fast can the area of a fracture surface grow?

Rapidly, but not faster than compressional elastic-wave velocity

What three major ideas regarding modern understanding of earthquake causes are presented in the lesson?

Modern theories explaining earthquake-generating mechanisms; Phenomena deemed responsible for these mechanisms; Correlation between earthquake-generating mechanisms and features of Earth's surface

What are the two types of crust named in the discussion of tectonic plates?

Oceanic crust; Continental crust

What earthquake-related hazards are enumerated on the seismic hazards slide?

Fault rupture; Vibratory ground motion; Tsunami; Liquefaction; Fire

What places are described as enclosed bodies of water where seiches occur?

Bays; Lakes; Reservoirs; Swimming pools

What two forms of energy is stored elastic energy partly released as when a fault ruptures?

Heat; Elastic waves

In Reid's Elastic Rebound Theory, how was the energy released during an earthquake stored immediately before rupture?

As elastic strain energy in the rock