Intro into Communication Disorders- Exam 1

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)

National professional, scientific, and credentialing association for audiologists, SLP’s, and speech, language, and hearing scientists

Disorder

A diagnosed condition, focuses on the whole condition or syndrome causing issues

Impairment

Functional loss, specific loss of a psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function (loss of hearing, damaged vocal cord)

Disability

physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses, or activities

Handicap

Social disadvantage that a person experiences because of an impairment or disability that limits them from fulfilling a normal life role

Communication Disorder

Impairs the ability to receive, send, process and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic information

Primary to secondary, mild to profound, acquired v developmental

Characteristics of Communication Disorders

Speech Disorders

Atypical production of speech sounds (articulation dis., phonological dis., and apraxia of speech)

Language Disorder

Impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems, such as English (receptive language delay/disorder, expressive language delay/disorder, aphasia)

Hearing disorders

Impaired sensitivity of the auditory hearing system

Augmentative/Alternative Communication (AAC)

Another form of communication besides speaking, (signing, core boards, etc)

Audiologists

Specialists who measure hearing ability and identify, assess, manage, and prevent disorders or hearing and balance

Audiologists

Preventionists that evaluate and assist with auditory processing disorder and also fit and dispense hearing aides

3-5 years beyond Bachelor’s degree, Doctorate Degree in either Audiology (AuD), Philosophy (PhD), and Doctor of Education degree (EdD)

Credentials for Audiologists

Speech-Language Pathologist

Professional that provides an assortment of services related to communication and swallowing disorders

Speech-Language Pathology

Identify, assess, treat and prevent communication disorders in all modalities (spoken, written) receptively and expressively. Also provide services for feeding and swallowing.

SLPA

work under direction of an SLP, cannot diagnose or provide intervention independently, typically credentials require a bachelor’s degree under an ASHA accreditation program

Speech, Language, and Hearing Scientists

SLP’s who have earned a PhD or EdD, employed by universities, government agencies, industry, and research centers to extend our knowledge of human communication processes and disorders.

Private practice, schools, tele practice, hospitals, prisons, nursing homes, home health, and universities

Places where an SLP can work

Speech, language, fluency, cognition, social, AAC, swallowing, voice, and hearing

Big 9 (SLP’s scope of practice)

Teachers, OT,PT, special education teachers, classroom aides, reading specialists, school psychologists, doctors, and parents

Different types of professionals SLP’s work with

1-7

How many people in the US have a disability

Efficacy

clinical outcomes is the probability of benefit from an intervention method under ideal conditions

Effectiveness

The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired outcome in realistic conditions

Evidence Based Practice

The idea that clinical skills grow not just from experience but from currently available data

The Voice

Name of the first professional journal in 1879 that primarily focused on stuttering

American Academy of Speech Correction

Name of the precursor to ASHA in 1925

The American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities

1974 group that pushed for legislative action on behalf of Americans with disabilities

Communication

The exchange of ideas between sender and receivers

Sociolinguistics

Study how variables such as cultural identity, setting, and participants affect communication

Code switching

The change in communication based on the environment

Cultural competence

The ability to recognize and respect cultural differences, and adapting behaviors to interact effectively with people of various cultures

Cultural Humility

The ability to understand that you will not always be perfect in understanding other cultures, but recognizing when there needs to be a change in action.

Generalization and carryover

the ability to successfully transfer skills, behaviors, and knowledge from a recognizable environment into an untrained context

Language

socially shared code that is used to represent concepts

Grammar

Rules of language

phonology, morphology, and syntax

3 aspects of form

Semantics

Aspect of content

Pragmatics

Aspect of use in language

Phonology

sounds on their own that have no meaning, sound system of English

Phonemes

Individual sounds that have no meaning

Phonotactic rules

specify how sound may be arranged in words (ex. k and n cannot be blended in the English language, therefore (kn)ife is pronounced as nife)

Morphonology

involves the smallest structure of words that have meaning (-s,-ed,-ing, cat, dog)

Morpheme

Smallest grammatical unit within a language that has meaning

Free morphemes

May stand alone as a word “cat'“ “go” (cannot be broken down into smaller units without losing meaning)

Bound morphemes

change meaning in the original words “-s”

Syntax

How words are arranged in a sentence

Semantics

Linguistic study of “meaning"

Semantic features

pieces of meaning that come together to define a particular word

Lexicon

our own personal dictionary of words we know and use

Pragmatics

relationships between words and the users use of words, driving force behind all aspects of language

Proxemics

The idea of studying an individual’s spatial awareness in conversations

Speech

The process of producing the acoustic representations or sounds of language

Articulation

The way speech sounds are formed (how we move our toungue, teeth, etc)

Prosody/Suprasegmentals

Component of speech that includes rate and rhythm (stress and inotation)

Fluency

The smooth, forward flow of communication that is influenced by rhythm and rate of speech

Rate

The speed at which we speak

Pitch

Listener’s perception of how high or low a sound is (frequency/second)

Habitual Pitch

Basic tone a person uses most often

2/3

Fraction of communication is non-verbal communication

Artifacts

The way you look, the way you are dressed

Kinesics

The way we move our body

Space and Time (Proxemics)

Study of physical space between people (can be affected by age and culture)

Etiology

cause of origin of a problem

Congenital

disorders present at birth

Acquired

Disorders resulting from injury, disease, or disorder

Disorders of Form

Language disorders that have traits such as errors in sound use, omitting final sounds, and mitting -s,-ed, sounds

Disorders in Content (Semantics)

Langugage Disorder that have traits of limited vocabulary, misusing words, and having word finding issues

Disorders of Use

Language disorder that is characterized by limited conversation skills, difficulty with narrative skills, and deficits in staying on topic

Disorders of Articulation

Speech disorders that are categorized by motoric production issues that can be caused by neuromotor problems and/or physical anomalies

Articulation

actual production of sounds

Dysarthria

paralysis, weakness, poor coordination of muscles

Apraxia

issues with planning and programming the speech mechanism

Disorders of Fluency

Speech disorder characterized by stuttering, extreme use of filler words, hesitations, repetitions and prolongations

Stuttering

when the use of fillers, hesitations, repetitions and prolongations become excessive and are accompanied by excessive tension, struggle, and fear

Disorders of Voice

Speech disorders that are characterized by the change in the quality of voice (harshness, hoarseness, breathiness)

Vocal abuse

excessive yelling, coughing, and throat clearing

Hearing disorders

Disorder characterized by impaired sensitivity in the auditory or hearing system

Deafness

When a person’s ability to perceive sound is limited to such an extent that the auditory channel is not the primary sensory input for communication

Assistive listening devices

cochlear implants, auditory training

Heard of Hearing

uses audition for communication, may be temporary due to illness or can be permanent

Bilateral

being hard of hearing in both ears

Unilateral

being hard of hearing in one ear

Conductive

loss caused by damage to outer or middle ear (causing sounds to be too soft)

Sensorineural

Problems with inner ear or the auditory nerve, which impacts ability to discriminate and understand speech sounds

Auditory Processing Disorder

Have normal hearing but have difficulty understanding speech, struggle to keep up with conversation and understanding speech in less-than optimal listening conditions

Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

Prevalence

the number of percentage of people within a specified population who have a particular disorder or condition at a given point or time (new and old cases)

Incidence

number of NEW cases at a given time

Assessment of communication disorders

systematic process of obtaining information from many sources, through various means, and in different settings

Predisposing causes

underlie the problem such as genetics

Precipitating causes

triggers the disorder such as a stroke

Perpetuating causes

continues or adds to the disorder

Prognosis

suspected outcome of intervention

Dynamic assessment

non stand approach can be test-teach-test to test ability to learn

Norm referenced

Scores are comparative to a certain population of people

Criterion reference

evaluates strengths/challenges relating to specific skills of individual-does not make comparisons

Target selection

assessment report provides recommendations for long term and short term goals

Baseline Data

before beginning program of intervention, obtain data and elicit target behaviors multiple times under multiple conditions and record accuracy.

Treatment plan

conscious selection of specific intervention techniques using goals/objectives