ANSC 1000 Exam 2

Wayne Greene

byproduct

secondary materials left over after primary animal harvest

hide and inedible tallow

biggest portions of cow byproduct

China, US, Brazil, India

cattle hide production leaders with 40% of global output

pet food

where most edible byproducts are used

US Dep of Agriculture (USDA)

established classes and grades to simplify communications between buyers and sellers

Food Safety & Inspection Service (FSIS)

mandatory process focused on assuring the safety and wholesomeness of product entering the supply chain as well as accurate labeling

veal

young calves 1-3 mo of age

calf

3-10 month old, weighing 150-300 lbs

beef

mature cattle over 12 mo old, weight >300 lbs

sex, quality grade, yield grade

USDA categories

quality grade

determined by maturity and marbling (select, choice, prime, etc.)

yield grade

based on estimates of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts a carcass will produce (1-5)

sex classes

categories of heifer, cow, steer, bollock (young intact male), and bull

marbling

exposed ribeye muscles between the 12th and 13th rib

96%

% US cattle that are choice and select

82%

% of US cattle that are YG 2 and 3

feeder cattle

young cattle between 600-800lbs, weaned and ready to be sent to a feedlot for finishing

feeder cattle grades

predict feedlot weight gain and harvest weigh of cattle to a desirable fat-to-lean composition

frame size and muscling

components of cattle evaluation

quality characteristics of lean and expected combined yields of the 4 lean cuts

grades for barrows and gilts

barrow, gilt, sow, boar

sex classes of swine

acceptable and unacceptable

grades of swine

lean is gray-pink

acceptable grade siwne

lean is soft, too dark or pale, watery (PSE=soft, pale, exudative)

unacceptable grade swine

break joint

difference between lamb and mutton (breaks=lamb)

spool joint

when growth plate closes, break joint won’t break

YG goes up

when % retail cut goes down

reproductive effeciency

the number of calves/lambs per 100 breeding females or number of pigs per litter

anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward the back/rear

cranial

toward the auterior/front

caudal

toward the posterior/tail

ventral

toward the underside/belly

dorsal

toward the back/topside

proximal

close to the midline

distal

away from the midline

lateral

toward side/away from midline

medial

toward the midline

superior

over, higher

inferior

under, lower

cervix

closure between uterus and vagina, prevents uterine contamination

oviduct/fallopian tube

connects ovary to uterus, where fertilization and early cleavage occurs, transports ova and sperm

follicle

holds developed egg

infundibulum

tissue surrounding ovary to capture ovulated egg allowing it to be transferred down the oviduct

corpus luteum

formed from the erupted follicle and produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy

parturition

giving birth

uterus

assisting in sperm transport, regulation of corpus luteum, site of pregnancy, expulsion of fetus and fetal membranes

ovary

production of oocytes (immature eggs), production of estrogen and progesterone

21-28 days

cow reproductive cycle

seminal vesicle

provides fluid base of semen to supply vital nutrients, buffers, and volume

Cowper’s gland aka bulbourethral gland

provides slippery alkaline fluid during sexual excitement to cleanse urethra

prostate gland

produces fluid for nourishment

Ischio cavernous muscle

contracts to pump blood into penis for erection

retractor penis muscle

controls resting position of penis

vas deferens

transports sperm to urethra

scrotum

support testicles, temperature control

penis

copulatory organ (relating to or used in the act of sexual intercourse or mating)

accessory glands

addition of fluid volume, nutrients, and buffers to semen

prostate gland

produces fluid that nourished and protects sperm and pushes semen out of body during ejaculation

bulbospongiosus

supports urinary and reproductive health by expelling residual fluids and assisting with sexual arousal

boar

most sperm per ejaculate

epididymis

concentrates and stores sperm

testicles

testosterone production in interstitial cells **, spermatozoa production

head of sperm

carries genetic material

midpiece of sperm

acts as the cell’s engine room, full of mitochondria to propel the tail

principle piece of sperm

generates the main propulsive wave-like motion that allows the sperm cell to swim forward toward an egg

ovaries

produce ova/eggs

proestrus

the follicles form and produce estrogen

estrus

standing heat occurs when estrogen peaks inside the follicle (when sexual receptivity is presented)

metestrus

occurs after ovulation as CL is formed and progesterone production is initiated

diestrus

sustained release of progesterone, maintains pregnancy if egg is fertilized. if not, CL breaks down, progesterone decreases, and proestrus begins

cattle and swine

polyestrus animals, having multiple estrous cycles during a breeding season/throughout the year

sheep, goats, horses

seasonally polyestrus animals (multiple heat periods during specific times of year followed by a nonbreeding season)

dog

monoestrus (one heat cycle per breeding season)

cow ovulation

after estrus behavior stops

sow, ewe, nanny, mare ovulation

toward the latter phase of estrus

21 days

estrous cycle length of most food animals

~ 9 months

cow gestation period

~ 11 months

horse gestation period

114 days

swine gestation period

150 days

goat gestation period

270 days

cow (bison) gestation period

6-14

average number of swine offspring

2-3

average number of goat offspring

1-3

average number of sheep offspring

parturition

giving birth (progesterone levels decline, uterine contractions)

relaxin

hormone relaxing cartilage and ligaments in the pelvic region during birth

dystocia

abnormal parturition, results from incorrect fetal presentation, excessive birth weight

steroid hormone

estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, etc.

protein hormone

water-soluble