QCM orthobiomechanic Cartes | Quizlet

The hematopoiesis function:

a. Is another name of the bone remodeling function;

b. Is the formation of the white blood cells;

c. None of the other options.

d. Is the formation of red blood cells;

d

The joint adduction:

a. Is a motion that increases the angle between two body parts:

b. Is a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body.

c. Is a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body.

d. Is a motion that decreases the angle between two body parts:

c

In biomechanics, the joint contact forces:

a. None of the other options;

b. Are external forces as muscular force.

c. Are external forces as the external surface contact;

d. Are internal forces as the gravity;

a

In biomechanics, the gravity force:

a. Is an internal force as the muscle force;

b. Is an external force as the articular contact;

c. None of the other options.

d. In an external force as the external surface contact

d

In the case of pure bending (one material):

a. considering horizontal and vertical lines both remained straight after deformation.

b. the neutral axis is the axis of symmetry;

c. there are always regions in tension and regions in compression;

d. the cross section after deformation are not planar;

c

In the case of pure bending (one material), which sentence is not correct?

a. the neutral axis is always inside the section;

b. the stress is constant in the section;

c. the max strain and stress are always at one of the extremity;

d. the position of the neutral axis depends only on the shape of the section;

b

The foot Plantar-flexion:

a. Is the flexion of the foot superiorly;

b. Is the movement of the sole of the foot towards the median plane;

c. Is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane;

d. Is the extension of the entire foot inferiorly;

d

The foot eversion:

a. Is the rotation of the sole of the foot away from the median plane;

b. Is the extension of the entire foot inferiorly;

c. Is the flexion of the foot superiorly;

d. Is the movement of the sole of the foot towards the median plane;

a

The friction coefficient between articular cartilages in a synovial joint (healthy condition):

a. None of the other options.

b. Is quite high, up to 1;

c. Could be very low, up to 0.01;

d. Is always higher than 0.5;

c

The hand pronation:

a. Is the rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from a medial position to a lateral position;

b. Is the rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from a posterior-facing position to an anterior-facing position;

c. Is the rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from a lateral position to a medial position;

d. Is the rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position;

d

Which sentence is correct:

a. Ligaments connect muscle to bone; tendon connect bone to bone.

b. None of the other options

c. Tendons connect muscle to bone; ligaments connect bone to bone.

d. Ligaments and tendon connect bone to bone;

c

The sagittal plane:

a. Subdivides the superior side of the body from the inferior side

b. Subdivides the front side of the body from the back side

c. Subdivides the left side of the body from the right side

d. None of the other options

c

The coronal plane:

a. None of the other options

b. Subdivides the front side of the body from the back side

c. Subdivides the left side of the body from the right side;

d. Subdivides the superior side of the body from the inferior side;

b

The joint flexion:

a. Is a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body.

b. Is a motion that increases the angle between two body parts:

c. Is a motion that decreases the angle between two body parts:

d. Is a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body.

c

Considering axial loading and beam theory (multi-material), which sentence is wrong?

a. The stress in each substructure is inversely proportional to the stiffness of the substructure material;

b. The deformation is dependent by the length;

c. The deformation is independent by the material;

d. There is no bending.

a

The force reduction methods, used to deal with the Muscle redundancy problem:

a. optimize a cost function;

b. express a generic muscular Force F(i) in terms of another one chose as reference F(r);

c. hypothesizes certain muscular force to be zero;

d. use the force-deformation relations of a muscle to calculate the muscle force.

c

Considering axial loading and beam theory (one material), which sentence is wrong?

a. The stress is independent by the length;

b. The stress is independent by the material properties;

c. The deformation is dependent by the section and the length;

d. The deformation is independent by the material properties;

d

Which of the following is not an assumption of the Hertz theory?

a. The geometry of the two bodies should be the same;

b. The contact areas are small in comparison to the size of the bodies in contact;

c. The elastic moduli of the bodies in contact are similar;

d. The contact is frictionless;

a

Which of the following sentence is not one of the assumption for the BEAM theory?

a. Any deformation of cross-section within its own plane can be neglected.

b. It is valid the small deformation theory

c. The cross section is constant/uniform along the length;

d. The material should be homogenous and constant for the BEAM.

d

The shear stress:

a. Depends on the shear force, on the moment of inertia of the cross section, but not on the thickness (orthogonal on the shear);

b. Depends on the shear force, on the thickness (orthogonal to the shear) but not on the shape of the section;

c. None of the other sentence is true;

d. Depends on the shear force, on the thickness (orthogonal to the shear) but not on the first moment of area;

c

A quasi-static analysis of the skeletal system:

a. Consists on a series of dynamic analysis performed in different positions when the inertia is negligible;

b. Consists on a series of static analysis performed in different positions when the inertia is not negligible;

c. Consists on a series of dynamic analysis performed in different positions when the inertia is not negligible;

d. Consists on a series of static analysis performed in different positions when the inertia is negligible;

d

In the case of asymmetric axial load:

a. it is always possible to consider as a pure axial load;

b. it is always possible to consider as a pure bending moment;

c. it is always possible to decompose in an axial load and bending moment;

d. it is always possible to decompose in an axial and shear load and bending moment;

c

In forward dynamics:

a. None of the other options.

b. all the forces are known and the unknowns are the motions of the segments;

c. only the internal forces are known and the external forces and the motions are unknown;

d. all the forces are unknown and the motions of the segments are known;

b

As the optimal mechanical stimulus will produce an equilibrium among osteoblasts and osteoclasts:

a. a stimulus lower than induce bone reabsorption;

b. a stimulus higher than induce bone reabsorption;

c. a stimulus lower that 2 times can induce bone reabsorption;

d. a stimulus higher that 2 times can induce bone reabsorption;

a

In an Orthotropic material:

a. the stiffness matrix is not symmetric;

b. the material properties are independent of direction;

c. the stiffness matrix is diagonal;

d. the material properties are different in the three mutually perpendicular directions;

d

Which sentence is correct:

a. A material can be rigid, weak and ductile;

b. None of the other options.

c. A material can be brittle, strong and ductile

d. A material can be flexible ductile and brittle

a

The stiffness of a certain material:

a. Is the ratio between the stress and the strain in the linear elastic region;

b. Is the ratio between the force and the displacement in the linear elastic region;

c. Is the ratio between the strain and the stress in the linear elastic region;

d. Is the ratio between the displacement and the force in the linear elastic region;

b

The Huiskes's model of bone remodeling:

a. is based on the effective stress and adapt the apparent density of the bone;

b. is based on the deformation tensor and consider the dead zone (lazy zone);

c. is based on the minimum effective strain (MES) and consider microdamage and fatigue;

d. Is based on the Strain Energy Density and consider the dead zone (lazy zone);

d

The cortical bone:

a. is weakest in tension, then compression, then shear;

b. is weakest in shear, then tension, then compression;

c. is weakest in compression, then tension, then shear;

d. is weakest in shear, then compression, then tension;

b

Which sentence is correct:

a. Wolff has developed the mechanostat model of the bone remodelling;

b. Wolff has postulated the law of bone remodeling;

c. Wolff has described the functional adaptation of the bone;

d. Wolff has developed the equation that guide the bone remodelling;

b

The material properties of the trabecular bone:

a. Is usually considered as linear elastic until yielding;

b. Is usually considered as anisotropic until yielding;

c. Is usually considered as transversally isotropic until yielding;

d. Is usually considered as orthotropic until yielding;

a

Considering the bone cells:

a. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone apposition and bone erosion;

b. Osteoclasts are responsible for the bone apposition while osteoblasts are responsible for bone erosion;

c. Osteoclasts are responsible for bone apposition and bone erosion;

d. Osteoblasts are responsible for the bone apposition while osteoclasts are responsible for bone erosion;

d

The composition of the cancellous bone is:

a. The same of the cortical bone;

b. As the cortical bone but without water;

c. As the cortical bone but without cells;

d. Completely different than the cortical bone;

a

The Mechanostat theory of Frost:

a. is valid for all the bone and load conditions;

b. is valid for all the bones but cannot be used to investigate microdamage or fatigue;

c. is valid only for the femur;

d. consider only bone apposition but not bone absorption;

a

Given a certain bone, which sentence is correct:

a. None of the other sentences;

b. The properties are independent by the apparent density of the bone;

c. the mechanical resistance of the cancellous bone is higher than the one of cortical bone;

d. the material properties of the cortical bone are less homogeneous that the one of the cancellous bone;

a

In a Transversally Isotropic material:

a. Mechanical properties change according to the three direction of loading;

b. The relation between the stress and the strain are independent by the direction of loading;

c. In one direction, the response of the material is different from the response of the material in the other two;

d. None of the other answers.

c

In an Isotropic material:

a. None of the other answers.

b. The mechanical behaviour of the material in one direction is different from the behaviour in the other two directions;

c. It is possible to express any material constant in function of Young's Modulus and Bulk Modulus;

d. The stiffness matric is function of only 3 independent variables;

c

The Cortical bone:

a. The tension ultimate stress is similar to compression ultimate stress;

b. The longitudinal modulus is smaller than the transverse modulus;

c. is stronger along the diaphyseal axis compared with the radial or circumferential directions;

d. is weaker along the diaphyseal axis compared with the radial or circumferential directions;

c

The elastic modulus of a certain material:

a. Is the ratio between the stress and the strain in the linear elastic region;

b. Is the ratio between the force and the displacement in the linear elastic region;

c. Is the ratio between the displacement and the force in the linear elastic region.

d. Is the ratio between the strain and the stress in the linear elastic region;

a

The main difference between the cortical and cancellous bone is:

a. In the calcium content;

b. In the cells type;

c. None of the other answers;

d. In the packaging of the lamellae;

d

The material properties of the cortical bone:

a. Do not present hysteresis;

b. Have a low resistance to fatigue failure;

c. Depends on the patient's age and on the Calcium mineralization;

d. Are extremely sensible to the strain rate (viscoelastic);

c

In an Anisotropic material:

a. the compliance matrix is not symmetric;

b. a single stress component can cause or normal or shear strains;

c. a single stress component can cause normal and shear strains;

d. the compliance matrix is diagonal;

c

The pre-strain in a ligament:

a. Is due to the stretching of the ligament in a joint

b. Can be negative;

c. Is higher than 1;

d. None of the previous sentence is true;

a

Analyzing a monodimensional viscoelastic model, what is the strongest hypothesis among the following one:

a. The force is monodimensional;

b. The Young Modulus and the coefficient of viscosity are considered constant during the deformation;

c. The spring element is reversible;

d. The viscous element is irreversible;

b

Considering confined and unconfined compression tests:

a. In both the fluid flow is axial and tangential;

b. In confined the stress is constant among each sections, in unconfined the stress is asymmetric;

c. In confined the compressor plate is permeable, in unconfined is impermeable;

d. In confined the stress is asymmetric, in unconfined the stress is constant among each sections;

b

Which sentence is not true?

a. In a muscle, under the same passive force is possible to have different total force

b. In a muscle, the active force is voluntary:

c. In a muscle, under the same passive force, it is possible to have only one total force;

d. In a muscle the passive force is always present;

c

Considering the Maxwell model (spring and dashpot in series), which sentence is correct

a. Does not present hysteresis;

b. Can be used to describe creep and recovery;

c. It represents the viscoelastic fluid model;

d. It represents the viscoelastic solid model;

c

Soft tissues:

a. are viscoelastic, compressible and isotropic

b. fail at small (<5%) deformation;

c. Are hyper-elastic and non-linear;

d. Their mechanical properties are independent by the speed;

c

Considering the articular cartilage, its mechanical behavior:

a. is independent by the water content and are dependent by the permeability;

b. is independent by the permeability and are dependent by the water content;

c. is dependent by the water content and by the permeability;

d. is independent by the water content and by permeability;

c

Considering the articular cartilage structure, which of the following sentence is not true?

a. Is made by a tangential, a middle and a deep zone;

b. The composition changes among the different regions;

c. It also consists of water, ions and charged molecules;

d. The typical thickness is 2-4 cm;

d

Considering the articular cartilage, which of the following sentence is not true?

a. Has shock absorption properties;

b. It is easy to repair;

c. It is avascular and aneural;

d. Enables a low friction contact;

b

The differences between ligaments and tendons are:

a. Ligaments are stiffer and stronger;

b. In the lack of alignment in the ligament fascicles in comparison to the tendon one;

c. The ligaments connect bone to muscle, while the tendons connect bone to bone;

d. The toe region in the ligament is usually smaller than the one in the tendon;

b

Considering the Kelvin-Voight model (spring and dashpot in parallel), which sentence is correct:

a. Can be used to describe stress relaxation;

b. It represents the viscoelastic fluid model;

c. Can be used to describe creep and recovery;

d. Does not present hysteresis;

c

Considering muscle contraction, which sentence is false?

a. It can occur as a result of muscle lengthening

b. it cannot occur without any change in the muscle length;

c. It can occur as a result of muscle shortening

d. it can occur without any change in the muscle length;

b

From a biomechanical point of view, the main difference among the in-vivo and in-vitro properties for a ligament/tendon is:

a. The models used to analyse them are different;

b. There is no pre-load in-vitro;

c. Depend on the age of the donor.

d. There is no difference;

b

n a pure viscous element:

a. the applied stress is proportional to the strain and to the strain-rate;

b. none of the previous sentence is correct;

c. the stress is proportional to the strain;

d. the stress is proportional to the strain-rate;

d

The total muscle force is the combination of:

a. Contractile element force and passive element;

b. Myofilament force and connective tissue force;

c. Active force, passive force, visco-elastic force;

d. Active force and passive force;

c

Considering the hip flexion during gait (healthy condition), which sentence is wrong:

a. at heel strike the hip is at around 30° of flexion;

b. during the swing phase the hip extend back to its initial position;

c. during the stance phase the pelvis move from posterior to anterior;

d. The range of flexion is around 90°;

d

The pelvis motion during walking:

a. it is mainly a combination of anteroposterior and mediolateral translation;

b. it is a 3D motion aimed to reduce energy consumption;

c. it is parallel to the ground during the entire motion;

d. it is mainly a rotation along the antero-posterior direction;

b

The femoral angle of inclination:

a. It describes the normal torsion or twist present in the femur;

b. is the angle from the femoral anatomical axis and the femoral neck axis;

c. It is the angle between the anatomical and mechanical axis of the femur;

d. It is always below 90°;

b

Comparing walking and running:

a. in running the stance phase is reduced and the swing phase is increased;

b. in walking the range of motion is greater and the force are lower;

c. in running the floating period decreases with the runner speed;

d. in running is increased the medio-lateral foot motion;

a

The hip joint has three degrees of freedom:

a. Flexion extension, abduction adduction; internal-external rotation;

b. None of the previous sentences is correct;

c. Flexion extension, antero-posterior translation; internal-external rotation;

d. Flexion extension, antero-posterior translation, medio-lateral translation;

a

Consider a varus and valgus knee, which sentence is true:

a. In varus condition the force on the medial side increase in comparison to a physiological condition;

b. In both conditions change the repartition of the force in the medial and lateral side of the knee joint;

c. In valgus condition increase the laxity of the lateral collateral ligaments;

d. All the sentences are true;

d

Considering the gait cycle, which sentence is wrong:

a. During heelstrike you are in double limb support;

b. Typically, it lasts from 1 to 2 seconds;

c. The swing phase is 50% of the gait cycle;

d. It consists in the stance phase and the swing phase;

c

The hip force in healthy subject:

a. Could be measured indirectly with gait analysis and force platform;

b. All the sentences are wrong;

c. Can be only measured with numerical models;

d. Could be measured easily with internal load cell;

a

Considering the hip rotation during gait (healthy condition) which sentence is wrong:

a. the range of motion is similar to the measurement error;

b. it is independent by the gait speed;

c. it is quite constant during the entire motion;

d. it is strongly dependent to the coordinate system used;

b

Considering the great trochanter, which sentence is wrong?

a. It is about 1 cm lower than the femoral head;

b. It contains the insertion of the gluteus medium;

c. It is a large and irregular eminence;

d. It is located anterior-medially in the femur;

d

The ilium ischium and pubis:

a. Compose the hip bone;

b. Compose the hip joint;

c. Compose the pelvis;

d. Compose the hip region;

a

Comparing walking and running:

a. in running there is a floating period (no double limb support);

b. they have similar range of motion, only the speed change;

c. All the sentences are wrong;

d. they have similar pattern and only change the force values;

a

Considering the axis of the limb:

a. In well aligned limbs the mechanical axes of the femur, the tibia and of the limb are aligned;

b. All the sentences are wrong;

c. In well aligned limbs the anatomical axes of the femur, the tibia and of the limb are aligned;

d. In varus knee the axis of the femoral and tibial axis are medialized in comparison with the limb axis;

a

During walking, the hip contact forces:

a. are independent by the walking speed;

b. are below the body weight

c. can reach up to 50% of the body weight:

d. can reach up to 2 times body weight;

d

In the femur, considering the anatomical axis and the mechanical axis, which sentence is wrong:

a. The anatomical axis is defined as the axis of the bone shaft;

b. In healthy conditions they coincide;

c. The mechanical axis starts from the femoral head to the knee center;

d. The mechanical axis is the axis of the joint force;

b

In a femur with coxa Vara:

a. There is an increase of the superior dislocation and decreased stability;

b. Increased bending moment arm, the shear across the femoral neck and increase the joint reaction force;

c. Increase the bending moment arm and the stability, with a decrease of the joint reaction force;

d. Decrease the bending moment arm and the joint reaction force;

c

In a femur with excessive anteversion:

a. Increase the joint reaction force and the demand on hip abductor;

b. Decrease the joint reaction force and the demand of hip abductor;

c. Increase the joint reaction force and the subject will walk toe-out to improve mobility;

d. Decrease the joint reaction force and the subject will walk toe-in to improve stability;

a

Considering the acetabulum, which sentence is wrong?

a. It contains the attachment of the gluteus maximum;

b. Is covered by articular cartilage;

c. Is surrounded by the acetabular labrum;

d. It contains one attachment of the ligament of the head of the femur;

a

Considering the medial and lateral menisci, which sentence is wrong?

a. The main function is to improve the contact area to reduce contact pressure;

b. The lateral is smaller than the medial;

c. The lateral is thicker than the medial;

d. The lateral is more mobile than the medial;

c

The medial and lateral tibial plateau:

a. Are similar;

b. The lateral is slight larger than the medial;

c. Are similar in the antero-posterior direction;

d. Are similar in the medio-lateral direction;

d

Considering the proximal tibial bone (healthy patient), which sentence is not correct?

a. It has a small posterior slope;

b. It contains the distal attachment of both the collateral and both the cruciate ligaments;

c. The anatomical axis coincides with the mechanical axis;

d. Is concave medially e convex laterally;

b

Considering the collateral ligaments:

a. They connect the femur with the tibia;

b. They improve the medio-lateral stability;

c. They limit the antero-posterior translation:

d. They transmit the quadriceps force to the tibia.

b

The medio-patello-femoral-ligament:

a. limits the force generated by the cruciate and collateral ligaments during flexion;

b. is covered by cartilage and its function is to improve the patellar contact area;

c. is the passive restraints to lateral subluxation due to the Q-angle;

d. limits, together with the lateral-patello-femoral ligament, the medio-lateral patellar translation;

c

In the femur, the medial and lateral condyle:

a. Have the same posterior offset;

b. Are equal;

c. The lateral is distally more rounded;

d. The medial is more elliptical and it is more distal;

d

The patella-femoral force:

a. They increase as the flexion angle increase;

b. Depend on the position of the body center of mass;

c. All the other sentences are true;

d. Are quite high, reaching value up to 3BW in some active conditions (as descending stair);

c

Considering the articular cartilage in the knee joint, which sentence is wrong?

a. It covers all the proximal tibia;

b. It has shock absorption function;

c. It allows an almost frictionless motion;

d. In increase the contact area;

a

The patella-femoral contact area:

a. Is always located anteriorly in the femur during the entire range of motion;

b. Is constant during the range of motion;

c. Is not uniform during flexion and start distally;

d. It starts proximally and after change due to wrapping;

c

The main function of the patella-femoral joint is:

a. To increase the quad force;

b. To equally distribute the contact force between the medial and lateral side;

c. To limit knee joint internal-external rotation;

d. To increase the quad muscle lever arm;

d

The patella-femoral joint:

a. Is a sliding articulation;

b. It engages the femur at around $30^{\circ}$ of flexion;

c. During flexion pass from be anterior WRT the tibia to be posterior (WRT the tibia):

d. All the other sentences are true;

d

Considering patella Alta and baha:

a. they only influence patello-femoral force but not patella-femoral contact area;

b. they only influence patella-femoral contact area but not patella-femoral contact force;

c. Patella baha induces high contact force at low flexion and patella alta induces high contact force at high flexion;

d. Patella baha induces low contact force at low flexion and patella alta induces low contact force at high flexion;

c

In the knee joint, in passive motion:

a. The medial anteroposterior translation is larger than the lateral;

b. There is no medio-lateral anteroposterior translation;

c. The medial anteroposterior translation is smaller than the lateral;

d. The medial anteroposterior translation is similar than the lateral;

c

The Grood-Suntay anatomical coordinate system consists of:

a. Tibial mechanical axis, femoral mechanical axis and third axis by cross product;

b. Tibial mechanical axis, femoral epicondylar axis and third axis by cross product;

c. Tibial epicondylar axis, femoral mechanical axis and third axis by cross product;

d. Tibial mechanical axis, femoral epicondylar axis and femoral antero-posterior axis;

b

Considering the cruciate ligaments:

a. They are usually unloaded during knee flexion;

b. They limit the medio-lateral translation;

c. They connect the tibia to the femur and to the patellar bone;

d. They improve antero-posterior stability;

d

The max knee force during walking:

a. Is almost 0.5 BW;

b. Can reach around 1.5 body weight;

c. Is almost 1 BW;

d. Can reach around 2.5 body weight;

d

The degrees of freedom of the tibio-femoral joints can be fully described by:

a. 3 degrees of freedom (2 rotations and 1 translation)

b. 4 degrees of freedom (3 rotations and 1 translation)

c. 6 degrees of freedom (3 rotations and 3 translations)

d. 4 degrees of freedom (2 rotations and 2 translations)

c

The four bone involved in the knee joint are:

a. None of the other sentence is correct;

b. Femur, patella, tibia and radius;

c. Femur, tibia, patella and homerus;

d. Femur, tibia, radius and ulna;

a

The articular interaction areas of the femur in the knee joint are

a. Two

b. Three;

c. Four

d. One:

b

Considering a generic kinematic representation of the medial and lateral trajectory in the knee joint:

a. The trajectory changes between passive motion and squat;

b. In passive condition the medial and lateral Anteroposterior translation are similar;

c. The medial contact point trajectory is different by the medial condylar point trajectory;

d. The lateral contact point trajectory is different by the lateral condylar point trajectory;

a

Which of the following technique is not performed in-vivo:

a. Patient specific modeling;

b. Dynamic RSA;

c. Motion analysis;

d. Fluoroscopy;

a

Considering the patellar function, which sentence is wrong?

a. Increase the moment arm of the quadriceps;

b. Improve the knee stability;

c. Decrease the anterior-posterior tibio-femoral shear stress placed on the knee joint;

d. Increase the quadriceps force of the knee joint;

d

Which of the following sentences involving knee kinematics analysis is not true:

a. The field of view in motion analysis if larger than the one of fluoroscopy;

b. Motion analysis calculates joint rotations and translations;

c. Fluoroscopy is less safe for the patient;

d. Fluoroscopy is in general more accurate than gait analysis;

b

The knee joint:

a. Is a joint with 3 DOF;

b. Can be considered made by three joints;

c. joint is one of the most rarely injured joints;

d. It consists by one joint;

b

Which of the following sentence is correct, considering the lordotic and kyphotic curvature?

a. The lordotic curvature is anterior concave and is present in the cervical and lumbar region;

b. The lordotic curvature is anterior concave and is present in the thoracic and the sacrum region;

c. The lordotic curvature is posterior concave and is present in the cervical and lumbar region;

d. The kyphotic curvature is posterior concave and is present in the thoracic and the sacrum region;

c