Unit 2 Chapter 3 Organic Molecules

What will organic molecules always have?

Carbon and hydrogen

Where are organic molecules located?

Living organisms

What do organic molecules support?

Energy, structure, and genetics

What is included in organic molecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What is a lipid

Saturated fatty acid chains

Glucose

simple carbohydrate (monosaccharide)

DNA-Nucleic acid structure

double helix

Are organic molecules simple or complex?

complex

Are inorganic molecules simple or complex?

simple

What does inorganic molecules have?

Carbon, but not bonded to hydrogen

Examples of inorganic molecules

CO2 and NaCl

Examples of organic molecules

glucose and DNA

Which molecule can be found in nature?

organic and inorganic

What kind of bonds can carbon make?

single, double, and triple

What kind of structures can carbon form?

rings, chains, and branches

what are the three hydrocarbons?

alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes

are alkanes saturated and what kind of bonds

yes, single bonds

are alkenes saturated and what kind of bonds

unsaturated, at least one double bond

are alkynes saturated and what kind of bonds

unsaturated, at least one triple bond

can carbon bond with other carbon?

yes

what are functional groups

clusters of specific atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton with different structures and functions

what can functional groups help determine

chemical reactivity and polarity of organic molecules

what is hydroxyl located

alcohols and sugar

what is carboxyl located

fatty and amino acids

what is phosphate located

atp, dna, phospholipids

what is amino located

amino acids, proteins

what is sulfhydryl located

some amino acids (cyesteine)

what is carbonyl located

sugars, kentones, aldehydes

what is hydroxyl function

add polarity, make molecules hydrophilic

what is carboxyl function

acts as acid, donate H+

what is amino function

act as base, accept H+

what is phosphate function

high energy, very polar, in energy transfer

what is carbonyl function

adds polarity, helps with reactivity

isomers

same chemical formula but different atom arrangement. different behavior

structural isomers and examples

same formula, different carbon skeleton. butane and isobutane

geometric isomers and examples

same atoms, different spatial arrangement. cis and trans isomers

cis isomer

cl on the same side of the dounle bond

trans isomer

cl on the opposite side of the double bond

what does macro in macromolecule mean

large, large molecules in life

how are marcomolecules created

joined monomers to create polymers (polymerization)

which group has no true polymers

lipids

what are monomers

small, simple molecules

what are the monomer of the macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides

structure of polymers

long, repeating chains

how are polymers created

chemically bonding monomers using polymerization

what polymers do monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides turn into

polysaccharides, polypeptides, dna/rna

dehydration/condensation reaction and what kind of bond

build polymers by removing water. one loses OH and other loses H. covalent bonds

where does hydration/condensation reaction take place

proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

hydrolysis reaction

water added, chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers. one gets OH and other H

where does hydrolysis reaction take place

digestion

what are carbohydrate functions

quick energy, store energy, give structure to plants, in nuclei acid backbones

what does monosaccharides do

simple sugar, fast energy

what does disaccharides do

two sugars join

what does oligosaccharides do

3-10 sugars in signaling

what does polysaccharides do

long sugar chains, energy storage and structure

what are the different polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

which polysaccharide deals with energy storage

starch and glycogen

which polysaccharide deals with structure

cellulose and chitin

which polysaccharide deals with plants

starch and cellulose (walls)

which polysaccharide deals with animals/insects/fungi

glycogen and chitin

Are lipids nonpolar or polar?

nonpolar, doesn’t dissolve in water

what is in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what are lipid functions

long term energy, cell structure, chemical signalling (hormones)

what is included in lipids

fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids

what is a fat and how to make one

lipid (triglyceride), 1 glycerol +3 fatty acids

triglyceride properties

long term storage, hydrophobic, formed by dehyration reaction

saturated and unsaturated fat forms

solid and liquid and room temperature

saturated and unsaturated fat bonds

no double bonds and at least one double bond

saturated and unsaturated fat structure

straight and bent chains

saturated and unsaturated fat in organisms

animal fats and plant oils

cis and trans fat tail structure

bent, straight

cis and trans fat hydrogen arrangement

hydrogen on same side, hydrogen on oppsite sides

cis and trans fat location

natural unsaturated fats, processed/partially hydrogenated oils

cis and trans fat form

liquid, solid

cis and trans fat health

healthier, heart disease

waxes and steroids functions

waterproofing protection, hormones/cholesterol/membrane support

waxes and steroids structure

long chain fatty acid+alcohol, 4 fused carbon rings

waxes and steroids location

hormones (testosterone, estrogen), bile, cholesterol

what are proteins made of

amino acid monomers

what do proteins do

fold to meet different functions

protein functions

transport, enzymes, hormones, defense, structure

protein transport

hemoglobin

protein enzymes

catalase, lactase

protein hormones

insulin

protein defense

antibodies

protein structure

collagen, keratin

amino acid basic structure

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, “r” group

is the “r” group the same for amino acids

no

what does the “r” group help with and what are amino acid bonds called

amino acids bonds together to form proteins, peptide bonds

dipeptides

two amino acids bonded together by peptide bond

polypeptides

chains of amino acids, fold into proteins

primary protein structure

sequence of animo acids

secondary protein structure

alpha protein helix, pleated sheet

tertiary protein structure

3d shape formed after interactions with r-groups

quaternary protein structure

two+ polypeptides combine into complete protein

proper folding vs misfolded protein

proper function, loss of function

enzymes

biological catalysts that speeds up reactions and then reused

are enzymes specific to active sites

yes (key to lock)

do enzymes cause reactions? what will happen without enzymes

no, cells will die

what do nucleotides have

phosphate groups, sugar, nitrogen base