Organic Nomenclature

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Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature

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63 Terms

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I. Hydrocarbons

= a category of compounds that only contain C and H (no other atoms)

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1) Alkanes

a type of hydrocarbon

= containing only C, H, and single bonds

  • (this means that there are hydrogens on every carbon, so it is FULLY SATURATED)

  • CnH2n+2

  • -ane

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Methane

a type of Alkane

(Marvin)

CH4

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Ethane

a type of Alkane

(Eats)

C2H6

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Propane

a type of Alkane

(Peanut)

C3H8

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Butane

a type of Alkane

(Butter)

C4H10

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Pentane

a type of Alkane

C5H12

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Hexane

a type of Alkane

C6H14

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Heptane

a type of Alkane

C7H16

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Octane

a type of Alkane

C8H18

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Nonane

a type of Alkane

C9H20

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Decane

a type of Alkane

C10H22

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Cyclic Alkanes

= alkanes configured in a circle

Prefix: Cyclo-

ex.

Cyclopentane

Cyclohexane

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2) Alkenes

a type of hydrocarbon

= at least one carbon-carbon double bond

Suffix: -ene

ex. Ethene/Ethylene

H2C=CH2

ex. 2-butene (double bond starts on second carbon)

(see pic)

<p>a type of hydrocarbon</p><p>= at least one carbon-carbon <strong>double </strong>bond</p><p>Suffix: <em>-ene</em></p><p>ex. Ethene/Ethylene</p><p>H<sub>2</sub>C=CH<sub>2</sub></p><p><sub>ex. 2-butene (</sub><strong><sub>double</sub></strong><sub> bond starts on second carbon)</sub></p><p><sub>(see pic)</sub></p>
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3) Alkynes

a type of hydrocarbon

= at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

Suffix: -yne

ex. Ethyne/Acetylene

HC≡CH

ex. 2-butyne

(see pic)

<p>a type of hydrocarbon</p><p>= at least one carbon-carbon <strong>triple</strong> bond</p><p>Suffix: <em>-yne</em></p><p></p><p>ex. Ethyne/Acetylene</p><p>HC≡CH</p><p></p><p>ex. 2-butyne</p><p>(see pic)</p>
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4) Dienes

a type of hydrocarbon

= contain 2 alkenes next to each other (conjugated, so alt. single double bonds)

  • Electrons are delocalized by resonance

<p>a type of hydrocarbon</p><p>= contain 2 <mark data-color="yellow">alkenes</mark> next to each other (conjugated, so alt. single double bonds)</p><ul><li><p><mark data-color="yellow">Electrons are delocalized by resonance</mark></p></li></ul>
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5) Arenes

a type of hydrocarbon

= contain at least one benzene ring

<p>a type of hydrocarbon</p><p>= contain at least one benzene ring</p><p></p>
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II. Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivatives

= a category of compounds where at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen in hydrocarbon compounds

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II. 1) Alkyl Halides

A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative

= contain a halide connected to a saturated hydrocarbon

<p>A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">halide</mark> connected to a saturated hydrocarbon</p>
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Saturated Hydrocarbons

= Hydrocarbons where every C has as many Hs on it as it can hold

  • All single bonds (NO double or triple bonds, so no pi bonds)

If fully saturated —> nonreactive

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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons with pi bonds

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Functional Group

= any group that is REACTIVE

= any group that is NOT fully saturated

ex. alkenes and alkynes

ex. groups with N and O

ex. all carbonyl derivatives

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II. 2) Alkenyl Halides

A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative

= contain a halide directly connected to an alkene

<p>A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">halide </mark><u>directly</u> connected to an <mark data-color="yellow">alkene</mark></p>
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II. 3) Aryl Halides

A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative

= contain a halide directly connected to a benzene ring

<p>A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">halide </mark><u>directly</u> connected to a benzene ring</p>
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III. Oxygen-Containing Compounds

= a category of compounds that contain oxygen

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III. 1) Alcohols

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain an OH group

<p>A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain an <mark data-color="blue">OH</mark> group</p>
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Primary Alcohol

a type of alcohol

= OH is bonded to carbon that is bonded to one other carbon

<p>a type of alcohol</p><p>= <mark data-color="blue">OH</mark> is bonded to carbon that is bonded to <strong>one</strong> other carbon</p>
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Secondary Alcohol

a type of alcohol

= OH is bonded to carbon that is bonded to two other carbons

<p>a type of alcohol</p><p>= <mark data-color="blue">OH </mark>is bonded to carbon that is bonded to <strong>two</strong> other carbons</p>
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Tertiary Alcohol

a type of alcohol

= OH is bonded to carbon that is bonded to three other carbons

<p>a type of alcohol</p><p>= <mark data-color="blue">OH</mark> is bonded to carbon that is bonded to <strong>three </strong>other carbons</p>
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III. 2) Phenols

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain an OH directly connected to a benzene ring

<p>A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain an <mark data-color="blue">OH</mark> <u>directly</u> connected to a benzene ring</p>
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III. 3) Ethers

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain an O bonded in between two carbons

<p>A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain an O bonded in between two carbons</p>
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III. 4) Epoxides

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= 3-membered ring ether

<p>A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound</p><p>= 3-membered ring ether</p>
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III. 5) Carbonyl

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= any C=O bond

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III. 5) a) Aldehydes

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain a carbonyl connected to an H and a C

<p>A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">carbonyl</mark> connected to an <strong>H </strong>and a<strong> C</strong></p>
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III. 5) b) Ketones

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain a carbonyl connected to two Cs

<p>A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">carbonyl </mark>connected to <strong>two Cs</strong></p>
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III. 5) c) Carboxylic Acids

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain a carbonyl connected to an OH and a C

<p>A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">carbonyl </mark>connected to an <strong><mark data-color="blue">OH</mark></strong><mark data-color="blue"> </mark>and a <strong>C</strong></p>
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IV. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

a category of Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids

  • can be distinguished from aldehydes and ketones by the presence of a group containing an electronegative heteroatom (usually oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur) bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon

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Heteroatom

= any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen

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IV. 1) Acid Chlorides

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain a carbonyl connected to a chloride and a C

<p>a Carboxylic Acid Derivative</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">carbonyl </mark>connected to a <strong><mark data-color="green">chloride</mark></strong> and a <strong>C</strong></p>
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IV. 2) Anhydrides

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain TWO carbonyls connected by an Oxygen

<p>a Carboxylic Acid Derivative</p><p>= contain TWO <mark data-color="red">carbonyls </mark>connected by an <mark data-color="blue">Oxygen</mark></p>
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IV. 3) Esters

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain a carbonyl connected to O-C and a C

<p>a Carboxylic Acid Derivative</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">carbonyl </mark>connected to <strong>O-C</strong> and a <strong>C</strong></p>
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IV. 4) Amides

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain a carbonyl connected to a N and a C

<p>a Carboxylic Acid Derivative</p><p>= contain a <mark data-color="red">carbonyl </mark>connected to a <strong>N</strong> and a <strong>C</strong></p>
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V. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

= a category of compounds that contain nitrogen

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V. 1) Amines

a Nitrogen-Containing Compound

= contain N connected to H or C (saturated)

<p>a Nitrogen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain <strong><mark data-color="blue">N</mark></strong> connected to <strong>H</strong> or <strong>C</strong> (saturated)</p>
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Primary Amine

a type of Amine

= N bonded to ONE C

<p>a type of Amine</p><p>= <strong><mark data-color="blue">N</mark></strong> bonded to <u>ONE</u> <strong>C</strong></p>
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Secondary Amine

a type of Amine

= N bonded to TWO C

<p>a type of Amine</p><p>= <strong><mark data-color="blue">N</mark></strong> bonded to <u>TWO </u><strong>C</strong></p>
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Tertiary Amine

a type of Amine

= N bonded to THREE C

<p>a type of Amine</p><p>= <strong><mark data-color="blue">N</mark></strong> bonded to <u>THREE </u><strong>C</strong></p>
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V. 2) Nitriles

a Nitrogen-Containing Compound

= contain a C triple bonded to N

<p>a Nitrogen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain a <strong>C</strong> <u>triple bonded</u> to <strong><mark data-color="blue">N</mark></strong> </p>
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V. 3) Nitro Compounds

a Nitrogen-Containing Compound

= contain an NO2 group

<p>a Nitrogen-Containing Compound</p><p>= contain an NO<sub>2</sub> group</p>
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Methyl

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Ethyl

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Propyl

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Isopropyl

1-Methylethyl

<p><strong> </strong>1-Methylethyl</p>
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n-Butyl

Butyl

<p>Butyl</p>
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Isobutyl

2-Methylpropyl

<p>2-Methylpropyl</p>
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Secbutyl

1-Methylpropyl

<p>1-Methylpropyl</p>
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t-Butyl

1,1-Dimethylethyl

<p>1,1-Dimethylethyl</p>
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Neopentyl

2,2-Dimethylpropyl

<p>2,2-Dimethylpropyl</p>
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Vinyl

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Allyl

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Acetyl

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Phenyl

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Benzyl

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