Organic Nomenclature

I. Hydrocarbons

I. Hydrocarbons

= a category of compounds that only contain C and H (no other atoms)

1) Alkanes

a type of hydrocarbon

= containing only C, H, and single bonds

• (this means that there are hydrogens on every carbon, so it is FULLY SATURATED)

• C_nH_2n+2

• -ane

Methane

a type of Alkane

(Marvin)

CH₄

Ethane

a type of Alkane

(Eats)

C₂H₆

Propane

a type of Alkane

(Peanut)

C₃H₈

Butane

a type of Alkane

(Butter)

C₄H₁₀

Pentane

a type of Alkane

C₅H₁₂

Hexane

a type of Alkane

C₆H₁₄

Heptane

a type of Alkane

C₇H₁₆

Octane

a type of Alkane

C₈H₁₈

Nonane

a type of Alkane

C₉H₂₀

Decane

a type of Alkane

C₁₀H₂₂

Cyclic Alkanes

= alkanes configured in a circle

Prefix: Cyclo-

ex.

Cyclopentane

Cyclohexane

2) Alkenes

a type of hydrocarbon

= at least one carbon-carbon double bond

Suffix: -ene

ex. Ethene/Ethylene

H₂C=CH₂

_{ex. 2-butene (double bond starts on second carbon)}

_{(see pic)}

3) Alkynes

a type of hydrocarbon

= at least one carbon-carbon triple bond

Suffix: -yne

ex. Ethyne/Acetylene

HC≡CH

ex. 2-butyne

(see pic)

4) Dienes

a type of hydrocarbon

= contain 2 alkenes next to each other (conjugated, so alt. single double bonds)

• Electrons are delocalized by resonance

5) Arenes

a type of hydrocarbon

= contain at least one benzene ring

II. Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivatives

= a category of compounds where at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen in hydrocarbon compounds

II. 1) Alkyl Halides

A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative

= contain a halide connected to a saturated hydrocarbon

Saturated Hydrocarbons

= Hydrocarbons where every C has as many Hs on it as it can hold

• All single bonds (NO double or triple bonds, so no pi bonds)

If fully saturated —> nonreactive

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons with pi bonds

Functional Group

= any group that is REACTIVE

= any group that is NOT fully saturated

ex. alkenes and alkynes

ex. groups with N and O

ex. all carbonyl derivatives

II. 2) Alkenyl Halides

A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative

= contain a halide directly connected to an alkene

II. 3) Aryl Halides

A Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbon Derivative

= contain a halide directly connected to a benzene ring

III. Oxygen-Containing Compounds

= a category of compounds that contain oxygen

III. 1) Alcohols

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain an OH group

Primary Alcohol

a type of alcohol

= OH is bonded to carbon that is bonded to one other carbon

Secondary Alcohol

a type of alcohol

= OH is bonded to carbon that is bonded to two other carbons

Tertiary Alcohol

a type of alcohol

= OH is bonded to carbon that is bonded to three other carbons

III. 2) Phenols

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain an OH directly connected to a benzene ring

III. 3) Ethers

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain an O bonded in between two carbons

III. 4) Epoxides

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= 3-membered ring ether

III. 5) Carbonyl

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= any C=O bond

III. 5) a) Aldehydes

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain a carbonyl connected to an H and a C

III. 5) b) Ketones

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain a carbonyl connected to two Cs

III. 5) c) Carboxylic Acids

A type of Oxygen-Containing Compound

= contain a carbonyl connected to an OH and a C

IV. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

a category of Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids

• can be distinguished from aldehydes and ketones by the presence of a group containing an electronegative heteroatom (usually oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur) bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon

Heteroatom

= any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen

IV. 1) Acid Chlorides

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain a carbonyl connected to a chloride and a C

IV. 2) Anhydrides

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain TWO carbonyls connected by an Oxygen

IV. 3) Esters

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain a carbonyl connected to O-C and a C

IV. 4) Amides

a Carboxylic Acid Derivative

= contain a carbonyl connected to a N and a C

V. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

= a category of compounds that contain nitrogen

V. 1) Amines

a Nitrogen-Containing Compound

= contain N connected to H or C (saturated)

Primary Amine

a type of Amine

= N bonded to ONE C

Secondary Amine

a type of Amine

= N bonded to TWO C

Tertiary Amine

a type of Amine

= N bonded to THREE C

V. 2) Nitriles

a Nitrogen-Containing Compound

= contain a C triple bonded to N

V. 3) Nitro Compounds

a Nitrogen-Containing Compound

= contain an NO₂ group

Methyl

Ethyl

Propyl

Isopropyl

1-Methylethyl

n-Butyl

Butyl

Isobutyl

2-Methylpropyl

Secbutyl

1-Methylpropyl

t-Butyl

1,1-Dimethylethyl

Neopentyl

2,2-Dimethylpropyl

Vinyl

Allyl

Acetyl

Phenyl

Benzyl