Tissue Test

4 Adult Primary Types of Tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

3 Embryonic Germ Layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Where is the ectoderm and what does it do?

Outside; gives rise to ET and NT

Where is the mesoderm and what does it do?

Middle; gives rise to ET, CT, and MT

Where is the endoderm and what does it do?

Inside; gives rise to ET

ET Characteristics (5)

1. Cellularity

2. Polarity

3. Avascularity

4. Regeneration

5. Support by CT (Basement Membrane)

Explain the ET Characteristic: Cellularity

• tightly packed

• impermeable

• the demosomes distribute tension and reduce tearing by pulling (for example, skin and heart muscle)

Explain the ET Characteristic: Polarity

Always have a free surface (apical)

Explain the ET Characteristic: Avascularity

• ET’s contain no blood vessels

• Innervated (supplies by nerves)

Explain the ET Characteristic: Regeneration

High regeneration capacity due to rapid cell division

Merocrine

Secrete fluids through cellular membrane into a duct with no loss of glandular cells

Merocrine example

salvary glands

Holocrine

Release entire cells into secretion

Holocrine ex

Sebaceous glands in skin (oil)

Apocrine

Lose small portion of cells with secretion

Apocrine ex

mammary glands (lipid droplets)

CT General Characteristics (3)

1. Common Origin

2. Wide Rang of Vascularity

3. Structural Elements

Explain the CT Characteristic: Common Origin

From Mesenchyme (mesoderm)

Explain the CT Characteristic: Wide Range of Vascularity

From cartilage, which is avascular, to bone, which has a rich blood supply

Explain the CT Characteristic: Structural Elements

cells and extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)

What are the 3 CT fibers?

Collagen, Elastic, and Reticular

What are the CT collagen fibers made of?

Protein Collagen

What do CT collagen fibers do?

Provide high tensile strength to matrix

What are CT elastic fibers made of

Protein Elastin

What do CT elastic fibers do?

Provide rubbery resiliency to matrix

Where are CT elastic fibers located

skin, lungs, and blood vessels

What are CT Reticular Fibers made of?

Fine collagenous fibers

What do CT Reticular Fibers do?

They form delicate networks, surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue of organs

Where are CT Reticular Fibers found?

Basement Membranes

What are the Musular Tissue general characteristics

1. All muscle cells are elongated (muscle fibers)

2. Muscles fibers are contractile meaning they can change shape or shorten to cause their attachments to move

Simple Squamos Epithelium Description

A single layer of flattened cells

Simple Squamos Epithelium Function

Generally allows for easy passage (diffusion) of substances

Simple Squamos Epithelium Location (4)

1. Lining air sacs of lungs

2. Lining capillaries 

3. Lining body cavities

4. Covering ventral organs

Simple Cuboidal Description

A single layer of square-shaped cells with large centrally located nuclei

Simple Cuboidal Function (2)

1. Secretion

2. Absorption

Simple Cuboidal Location (3)

1. Lining kidney tubules

2. Lining ducts of glands

3. Covering surface of ovary

Pseudostratified Columnar Description

A single layer of elongated cells touch the basement membrane

Pseudostratified Columnar Function (4)

1. Secretion

2. Protection

3. Cilia

4. Goblet

Pseudostratified Columnar Location (2)

1. Lining trachea

2. Lining fallopian tube

Simple Columnar Description

A single layer of elongated cells with basically located nuclei (near basement membrane)

Simple Columnar Function (5)

1. Protection

2. Absorption

3. Secretion

4. Microvilli

5. Goblet Cells

Simple Columnar Location (2)

1. Lining small intestine

2. 2. Lining uterus

Stratified Squamos Description

Many layers of flattened cells;  Deeper cells are cuboidal or columnar

Stratified Squamos Function (1)

Protection

Stratified Squamos Location (4)

Non Keratinized

1. Lining mouth

2. Lining throat

3. Lining vagina

4. Lining anus

Stratified Cuboidal Description

2-3 layers of square shaped cells

Stratified Cuboidal Function (1)

Secretion

Stratified Cuboidal Location (4)

1. Mammary glands

2. Sweat glands

3. Salivary glands

4. Pancreas

Stratified Columnar Description

2-3 layers of elongated cells; Only apical is columnar

Stratified Columnar Function (1)

Protection

Stratified Columnar Location (2)

1. Vas cleferens

2. Part of male urethra

Transitional Epithelium Description

Many layers of cells that change shape in response to tension

Transitional Epithelium Function (1)

Distensibility

Transitional Epithelium Location (2)

1. Lining urinary bladder

2. Lining uterus

Glandular Epithelium Description

Usually simple cuboidal or columnar

Glandular Epithelium Function (1)

Secretion

Glandular Epithelium Location

Endocrine Glands: Secrete hormones; ductless

Exocrine Glands: Secrete products into duct

Loose Areolar CT Description

Gel-like matrix with fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and collagen and elastic fibers

Loose Areolar CT Function (2)

1. Diffusion

2. Cushioning Organs

Loose Areolar CT Location (3)

1. Beneath ET

2. Around organs

3. Lining cavity

Adipose Description

A specialized connective tissue composed mainly of fat-storing cells called adipocytes. These cells are filled with lipid droplets and are supported by a network of connective tissue, blood vessels, and immune cells.

Adipose function (5)

1. Energy storage

2. Insulation

3. Protection

4. Secretion of hormones

5. Heat generation

What does adipose white fat do?

Energy storage

What does adipose brown fat do?

Heat insulation

Adipose location (6)

1. Beneath skin in spaces between muscles

2. Around kidneys

3. Behind eyeballs

4. In certain abdominal membranes

5. On surface of heart

6. Around certain joints

Reticular Description

Composed of thin, reticular fibers in a 3D network

Reticular Function

Provides the framework of certain internal organs

Reticular Location (2)

1. Liver

2. Spleen

Dense Connective Regular Description

Consists of many, densely packed thick collagen fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers; Has few cells, most of which are fibroblasts

Dense Connective Regular Function (2)

1.  Allows tissue to withstand pulling forces

2. Binds body structure as a part of tendons and ligaments

Dense Connective Regular Location (4)

1. Protective white layer of eyeballs

2. Tendons

3. Ligaments

4. Deep skin layer

Hyaline Cartilage Description

Very fine collagen fibers in its extracellular matrix and looks somewhat like white glass

Hyaline Cartilage Function

Important in development and growth of most bones

Hyaline Cartilage Location (3)

1. Ends of bones in many joints

2. Soft part of nose

3. Support rings of the respiratory passages

Skeletal Muscle Description

Long thin cells (fibers) with many nuclei with alternating light and dark bands called striations

Skeletal Muscle Function

Moves bones of the skeleton

Skeletal Muscle Control

Voluntary

Skeletal Muscle Location

Attaches muscles to bone by tendons

Cardiac Muscle Description

Network of branched cells with one nucleus, striations, and a intercalated discs

Cardiac Muscle Function

Pump blood from heart to body and lungs

Cardiac Muscle Control

Involuntary

Cardiac Muscle Location

Heart

Smooth Muscle Function Examples (2)

1. Movement of food through digestive tract

2. Blood vessel vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Smooth Muscle Control

Involuntary

Smooth Muscle Location (2)

1. Stomach'

2. Internal Organs

Nervous Tissue Function

Neurons are branching cells; They have support cells called glial cells

Nervous Tissue Function

Transmits signals from sensory receptors to control center to effectors

Nervous Tissue Location (3)

1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

3. Nerves

Smooth Muscle Description

Spindle shaped cells with one nucleus that is centrally located;  No striations

Elastic Cartilage Description

Dense network of elastic fibers

Elastic Cartilage Function

Support, protects, provides flexible framework

Elastic Cartilage Location

Framework of external ear and parts of larynx

Fibrocartilage Description

Tough tissue with many collagen fibers

Fibrocartilage Function

Supports, protects, absorbs shock

Fibrocartilage Location

Between bony part of pelvic griddle and knee

Bone Description

Salts, calcium, and phosphates between cells

Bone Function

Supports, protects, and provides framework

Bone Location

Bones of skeleton

Blood Description

Formed in elements suspended in fluid

Blood Function

Transports substances and helps maintain stable internal environment